Define, Define, Define
What is pathophysiology?
Study of what happens when the normal body function goes wrong.
What are red blood cells?
Blood cell responsible for oxygen transport
What is the equation to calculate cardiac output?
CO = HR x SV
Define ventilation.
Movement of air into and out of lungs
A nurse is assessing a patient with suspected iron deficiency anemia. Which finding would the nurse most likely observe?
A. Ruddy complexion
B. Fatigue and pallor
C. Hypertension
D. Cyanosis
B. Fatigue and Pallor
What is are compensatory mechanisms?
Body mechanisms that counteract physiologic imbalance to restore stability.
What is leukemia?
Cancer of immature white blood cells in bone marrow.
-smoking
-hypertension
-high cholesterol (LDL Levels)
-Diabetes Mellitus
-hyperlipidemia
-family hx
-advanced age
A patient presents with fever, productive cough with thick sputum, crackles on lung auscultation, and consolidation visible on chest X-ray due to infection causing inflammation and fluid in the alveoli.
Which disorder does the patient most likely have?
Pneumonia.
A patient with asthma is experiencing bronchoconstriction. Which physiological change is most responsible for the patient's shortness of breath?
A. Increased surfactant production
B. Narrowing of the bronchioles from smooth muscle contraction
C. Increased red blood cell production
D. Thickening of the alveolar membrane
B. Narrowing of the bronchioles from smooth muscle contraction.
What is pathogenesis?
The biologic mechanisms describing how a disease develops from cause to manifestation.
Name the disorder: widespread clotting uses up platelets and factors.
(EXTRA POINTS!!!- Correctly saying the full name; plus +100)
disseminated intravascular coagulation.
A patient arrives to the emergency department with severe chest pain. The ECG shows ST-segment elevation, and lab results reveal significantly elevated troponin levels, indicating acute damage to the heart muscle.
What is this called?
STEMI - ST elevation myocardial Infarction.
DAILY DOUBLE
List the 4 main structures of the lower respiratory tract.
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
A patient with left-sided heart failure is admitted to the hospital. Which findings would the nurse expect? (Select all that apply)
A. Pulmonary crackles
B. Dyspnea
C. Peripheral edema
D. Orthopnea
E. Pink frothy sputum
A
B
D
E
Define: air enters the pleural space, which causes the lung to partially or completely collapse
What is a pneumothorax?
What is the difference between thrombus and embolus?
(Thrombus) One type of blood clot forms and stays attached to the wall of a blood vessel,
(embolus) while another type breaks loose and travels through the bloodstream until it gets stuck somewhere else.
List the order of BF through the heart.
normal amount of points for correctly listing the main structures.
+300 points for listing EVERYTHING.
1. R. Atrium
2. Tricuspid Valve,
3. R. Ventricle
4. Pulmonary valve
5. Pulmonary artery --> lungs
6. Pulmonary veins
7. L. Atrium
8. Bicuspid/mitral valve
9. L. Ventricle
10. Aortic valve, to aorta.--> body
This chronic respiratory disease is characterized by progressive airflow limitation that is not fully reversible, often caused by long-term smoking, and includes conditions such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema, leading to air trapping and impaired gas exchange.
+100 points for listing out the full name.
What is COPD?
A nurse is reviewing lab results for a patient suspected of having disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Which findings would support this diagnosis? (Select all that apply)
A. Decreased platelets
B. Prolonged PT and aPTT
C. Increased fibrin degradation products (D-dimer)
D. Increased hemoglobin
E. Widespread microthrombi formation
A, B, C, E
This physiological process refers to the delivery of oxygenated blood through the capillaries to body tissues, allowing cells to receive oxygen and nutrients necessary for metabolism.
What is perfusion?
TWO PART QUESTION
Part A) Define Aplastic Anemia.
Part B) List at least 3 signs and symptoms for aplastic anemia. MUST BE SPECIFIC. IT IS SPECIFIC IN THE BOOK THANKYAAA.
A). Aplastic anemia is when the bone marrow fails to make enough red blood cells.
B) Weakness, Pallor, Dyspnea, Tachycardia, dyspnea, syncope, Recurrent infections, bleeding, leukocytopenia, thrombocytopenia.
TWO PART QUESTION
Part A) Explain the difference between systole and diastole.
Part B) What is Beck's Triad?
(+100 disorder mainly associated with beck's triad?)
A) Systole is when the heart muscle contracts, specifically the ventricles, which pumps blood out of the heart. Blood is pushed from the right ventricle to the lungs through the pulmonary artery and from the left ventricle to the body through the aorta.
Diastole is when the heart muscle relaxes, allowing the chambers of the heart to fill with blood. During this phase, blood flows from the atria into the ventricles in preparation for the next contraction.
B)
Beck’s Triad is a set of three clinical signs that indicate cardiac tamponade, a life-threatening condition where fluid builds up in the pericardial sac and compresses the heart, preventing it from filling properly.
Beck’s Triad includes:
Hypotension – low blood pressure due to decreased cardiac output
Jugular vein distention (JVD) – blood backs up into the veins
Muffled or distant heart sounds – fluid around the heart dampens the sound
TWO PART QUESTION:
Part A) What diet is recommended for patient's with cystic fibrosis? BE SPECIFIC.
Part B) List at least four common symptoms seen in cystic fibrosis and identify the type of diet typically recommended for these patients.
A) high-calorie, high-protein, and high-fat
B) symptoms include chronic cough, thick sticky mucus, recurrent lung infections, wheezing, difficulty gaining weight, salty-tasting skin, steatorrhea, meconium ileus, hypoxia, dyspnea, night sweats, clubbing, jaundice, muscle + joint pain.
Question:
A 24-year-old patient presents with acute chest pain that began two days after a viral illness. The pain is sharp and pleuritic, worsens with deep inspiration and when lying supine, and improves when the patient leans forward. Assessment reveals a scratchy friction sound best heard at the left lower sternal border. ECG findings show widespread ST-segment elevation across multiple leads and PR-segment depression. Troponin levels are slightly elevated but not rising significantly over time.
Based on these findings, which condition is the nurse most likely identifying?
A. ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)
B. Pulmonary Embolism
C. Pericarditis
D. Aortic Dissection
C. Pericarditis