Blood Vessels 1
What are the 3 layers to each vessel? (in order)
Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Externa
What is autoregulation?
When the blood vessels constrict/dilate to reroute blood to another part of the body that needs it more
What is the purpose of the lymphatic system and what path does lymph take through the body?
to return leaked fluids and provide the structural basis for the immune system
capillaries to vessels to trunks to ducts
What are the two types of immune defense systems and what is the difference between them?
Innate - we already know how to do it
Adaptive - we learn or adapt with time
What is the formula for blood flow?
F = BP / R
Name the two things that affect arterial BP
Elasticity
Blood Volume
What are the two types of pressures that work in the capillaries and explain what they do?
Hydrostatic Pressure - pushes nutrients and wastes out of the arterial side of the capillaries and into the interstitial space
Osmotic Pressure - pulls the nutrients/wastes back into the capillaries to go to the veins
What organ contains red and white pulp? What happens in each of these pulps?
Spleen
white pulp - where immune function occurs (lymphocytes)
red pulp - where old blood cells and pathogens are destroyed (RBC graveyard)
What are the two main antimicrobial proteins and what do they do?
Interferons - warn healthy cells
Compliment Proteins - destroy pathogens and activates increased inflammation
What are the 2 main phagocytes?
neutrophils
macrophages
Name the three factors of resistance
blood viscosity
blood vessel length
blood vessel diameter
Name the three mechanisms that regulate venous return
Muscular pump
Respiratory pump
Sympathetic venoconstriction
Which cells reside within the lymphatic system and attack infected cells?
Which cells make antibodies that tag other cells for destruction?
Attack - T cells
Make antibodies - B cells
Name the 4 main chemicals produced by the surface barriers
acid
enzymes
mucin
defensins
Name the 3 centers that help regulate BP
cardioinhibitory center
cardioacceleratory center
vasomotor center
What are the 4 hormones included in the short-term hormonal regulation of BP?
adrenal medulla hormone
angiotensin 2
ADH
atrial natriuretic peptide
What is the formula for mean arterial pressure? Explain each of its variables.
MAP = SV x HR x R
(explanation on slides)
What is the difference between primary and secondary organs? List at least one organ for each.
Primary - areas where T cells and B cells mature (bone marrow and thymus)
Secondary - areas where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigen and become activated (nodes, spleen, MALT, diffuse lymphoid organs)
Draw and explain phagocytosis
(on slides)
Draw and label a lymph node. Include the following:
Cortex
Medulla
Afferent vessels
Efferent vessels
Capsule
(show on slides)
Name and explain the three main kinds of circulatory shock
Hypovolemic - results from large-scale blood loss
Vascular - extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance
Cardiogenic - inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation
Explain the long-term renal control of BP (both direct and indirect)
Direct Renal Mechanism -
decrease filtration by the kidneys
decrease urine output
increase blood volume
increase BP
Indirect Renal Mechanism -
increase release of renin by the kidneys
Angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2
vasoconstriction
increase BP
What is MALT and what does it stand for?
What are the 3 main locations of MALT?
MALT = mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
Lymphoid tissues in mucous membranes throughout the body protect from pathogens trying to enter the body
- tonsils
- appendix
- peyer's patches
What are the 5 internal defenses and how do they work?
phagocytes - eat (phagocytosis) pathogen cells
natural killer cells - attacks self if cancerous or virus
inflammation - triggered if tissue damage, prevents spread, disposes of debris/pathogens, alerts adaptive I.S., sets stage for repair
antimicrobial proteins - attacks microorganisms directly, hinders their ability to reproduce
fever - causes liver and spleen to hold onto iron/zinc, increases metabolic rate
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
Give an example for each.
Active - face pathogen on your own (infection, vaccine aka dead pathogens)
Passive - antibodies are given to you, didn't "work for it" (from mother, injection of antibodies)