Cells
True or False: Phagocytosis is used by the cells to secrete intracellular substances to the outside of the cell.
False
True or False: Intervertebral discs are compose of hyaline cartilage due to its ability to resist compression.
False: fibrocartilage
True or False: The eccrine sweat glands are not the primary gland involved in thermoregulation.
False
True or False: The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.
True
True or False: Concentration differences cause ionic imbalances that polarize the cell membrane, and active transport processes.
True
Bonus 100 points: what is the primary ion imbalance and what is responsible for it?
DNA transcription results in what product?
RNA or mRNA
Name the tissue located in the epiphyseal plate.
hyaline cartilage
The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin?
Reticular layer
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.
diaphysis
What is the name of the regions in the skull that are not ossified in an infant (but are the location of intramembranous ossification)?
Fontanels
How are peroxisomes different from lysosomes?
peroxisomes detoxify (using oxygen), lysosomes digest (using enzymes and pH)
Name the type of tissue found in the papillary layer of the dermis.
areolar connective tissue (connective tissue - proper loose)
Thin skin consists of four layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. List them from deep to superficial.
Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum corneum
Describe the orientation of collagen fibers in compact bone.
Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.
Valentina had blood work that showed she had very low levels of circulating calcium. What hormone would you also expect to find in high levels in her blood?
Parathyroid hormone
List and briefly describe the macromolecules found in/at the cell membrane.
Lipids - steroids for fluidity, phospholipids for barried
Carbohydrates - modify lipids and proteins, cell to cell interaction
Protein - channels, integral proteins, receptors, etc
What is the term and function for the tissue that covers bone?
Periosteum - isolate, deliver blood vessels and nerves to bone, house osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?
rule of 9's
In endochondral ossification, the name of the centers of ossification at the ends of long bones is ________.
secondary ossification centers
Draw and/or describe an example of secondary active transport.
Show me!
A patient was admitted to the hospital for severe dehydration. Explain what changes occur in extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments during dehydration.
100 point bonus: what type of IV bag will you administer?
extracellular - hypertonic
intracellular - hypotonic, water leaves cells, cells shrink
Osseous tissue has 2 primary types. List them and provide a 1-3 word description of the appearance.
Compact bone = lamellae
Spongy bone = trabeculae
Mary noticed a large, dark brown spot on her skin. She has been playing tennis in the sun for several years without sun protection. Provide 1 possibility of the spot and justify your answer
ABCD rule - we are not doctors though!
Melanoma - melanocytes produce pigment therefore is dark
Basal cell carcinoma - stratum basale is dividing and has cells (melanocytes) that pigment these cells
A 75-year-old woman and her 9-year-old granddaughter were victims of a train crash. In both cases, trauma to the chest was sustained. X-rays of the grandmother revealed several fractured ribs, but her granddaughter had none. Using your understanding of bones give one reason for these different findings.
child is younger with more collagen in bone, grandmother has highly calcified bones and therefore brittle;
osteoporosis - lower bone density and stength (thinning)
List all spinal curvatures and classify them as primary or secondary.
Cervical = sec.; Thoracic = primary; Lumbar = sec.; Sacral = primary