Heart
What is situs inversus
When organs are on the opposite side of the body than normal.
What are the types of arteries?
Conducting, Distriuting, Resistance, Metarterioles, Arterioles
What are the types of veins?
Postcapillary, Muscular, Medium, Venous sinus, Large
Types of lymphatic vessels
Capillaries
Collecting vessels (lymph nodes)
Trunks
Collecting Ducts
What are the lymphatic cells?
neutrophils
natural killers
b cells
T cells
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Reticular cells
Why must the heart use different fuels?
To prevent it from fatiguing
Compare and contrast systolic and diastolic pressures
Bonus 100: what is considered normal systolic and diastolic pressures
Systolic: higher pressure resulting from systole of the heart
Diastolic: lower pressure resulting from diastole of the heart
120/80
Compare and contast the 3 types of capillaires
Continous: Tight junctions, pericytes, incellular clefts
Fenstrated: Rapid asorption/filtration, fenstrations, small molecules
Sinusoids: Large fenstratations, proteins & clotting factors
What region of the body lacks the lymphatic system
coronas
What are the 3 lines of defense in the body? Which are innate and which are adaptive.
Physical arrier --> skin & mucus
Innate defenses --> Fever, monocyte, nK, marcophage, neutrophil
Adapative immunity --> Memory b, Memory helper T,
Describe parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system involvement in the heart
Sympathetic Pathway
Parasympathetic Pathway
what are the atrial sense organs? How do they work?
Chemoreceptor: Measures lood pH through dissolved CO2. changes resp. rate to correct the pH, Carotid & Aortic odies.
aroreceptor: Stretch receptor opens wall to ions, action potential Achieved, monitor bp, PIEZO channels are an example, carotid sinus & aortic arch.
What are the 3 ways to control vasomotion? Give an example of each.
Local:
Hormonal:
neural:
How do the skeletal muscle pump and thoracic pump contriute to lymphatic flow?
Skeletal: pushes up
Thoracic: Pulls up
This is the common treatment for anaphylactic shock
epinephrine
Explain what happens if either of the ventricles do not fire entirely.
If the right does not fire than the body backs up with blood
If the left does not fire than the lungs fill with blood.
How do kidneys adjust blood pressure through the RAA system
Renin: converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Angiotensin II: vasodilator; signals aldosterone release
Aldosterone: increases salt retention
Explain the types of venous return shock.
Hypovolemic
Ostructed venous return
Venous pooling
Anaphalatic
Septic
bonus 100: Explain G suits for astronauts
What is lymph & what changes its colour
intercellular fluid collected from intracellular space.
Lipids
Compare and contrast MHC-I ad MHC-II
MHC-I: normal host recognition
MHC-II: Antigen presenting
Explain the risk factors, development of, and treatments for CAD.
Risks: hereditary, age, male, diet, stress, exercising, smoking, and obesity.
Treatments: Coronary bypass
Any constricting of coronary arteries.
Describe what and where each of the following does/occurs
Filtration, absorption, edema, osmotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure
Filtration: atrial end of cap. moves into tissue
Asorption: Venous end, moves out of tissue
Osmostic pressure pressure from solutes in blood (stuff wants in)
Hydrostatic: pressure of liquid against surface (Stuff wants out)
Edema: filtration low, asorption high, lymphatic drainage low. Tissues swell.
What are ionotropic & chronotropic agents, how do they work? What do they effect?
Ionotropic: contraction
Chronotropic: heart rate; norepinephrine
Compare and contrast veins and lymphatic vessels
both have valves, slow steady flow, and low pressure
Lymphatic carries lymph
Veins carry blood.
What are the 2 major branches of the adaptive immune system and describe the differences
B cells: produce antibodies
T cells: attack more specifically