Bowel Elimination
Structure of GI Tract
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intestine
-duodenum
-jegunum
-ileum
-large intestine
Structure of System
-ureters
-bladder
-urethra
Structure of Skin
-epidermis
-dermis
-subcutaneous layer
Structure
Cardiovascular
- heart (chambers)
Respiratory
-upper tract: nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharaynx
-lower tract: larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Lab tests for bowel elimination
-stool culture
- ocult blood
Abnormal Defecation Patterns
- diarrhea
-constipation
-impaction
-flatulence
Abnormal Urination Patterns
-anuria
-oliguria
-polyuria
-nocturia
-hematuria
Wound Classification
-open wounds
-closed wounds
-superficial
-partial thickness
-full thickness
Pneumonia
An infection in lungs resulting in increased and retained secretions that impair oxygenation
Risk factors: older adults, chronic lung disease, vaccine status, tobacco/alcohol use, poor nutrition, recent exposure
Signs and Symptoms: crackles (fluid), wheezes (inflammation), chest pain, flushed cheeks, sputum production, headache, fever
Lab tests for urination
-specific gravity
-pH
-protein
-glucose
-ketones
-microscopic analysis
Bristol Stool Chart
type 1: severe constipation
type 2: mild constipation
type 3 and type 4: normal
type 5: lacking fiber
type 6: mild diarrhea
type 7: severe diarrhea
UTI
Infection in any part of urinary system
women, diabetes, not fully emptying bladder, catheter use, immobile for long period, bladder or uterine prolapse
strong urge to urinate, itching, burning, urine is cloudy, strong smell
Healing Stages
- bleeding -
-inflammation
-proliferative
-remodeling
COPD
Impaired breathing
Name the three types of wound healing intentions and describe them
Primary- when edges are brought together healing quickly with little scarring
Secondary- when a wound is healed from bottom of the wound tissue bed up to the surface
Tertiary- when a wound is healed from the bottom of the wound tissue bed and closed up by approximation
Factors Affecting Bowel Elimination
-surgery
-pregnancy
-medication
-stress
-diet
-physical activity
-eating disorders
-obesity
-disability/mobility issues
-anxiety/depression
Factors Affecting Urination
-development
- food and fluid intake
-meds
- muscle tone
-surgery
-pathological conditions
Factors Affecting Skin Integrity
-vascular disease
-steroids
-burns
-external factors
-diabetes
-UV light
-anticoagulants
-excessive moisture
-malnutrition
-NSAIDs
-trauma
-aging process
Asthma
constriction and spasm of airways in response to irritants, allergens, pollutants, or cold air
Complications of wound healing
-infection
-dehiscence
-evisceration
-fistuia formation
C. Diff
Bacterium that causes diarrhea
skin breakdown, malnutrition, metabolic disturbances, fluid and electrolyte imbalance
foul smelling stool, difficulty controlling urge to defecate, hyperactive bowel sounds, abdominal cramping
Types Of Urinary Incontinence
-stress
-urge
-mixed
-functional
-overflow
-temporary
Classification of Pressure Injuries
Stage 1- non-blanchable
Stage 2 - partial thickness loss
Stage 3- full thickness with skin loss
Stage 4- full thickness with skin and tissue loss
Atelectasis
Results from blockage or collapse of airway passages in at least one lobe of the lung
Types of oxygen masks
-simple face mask
-non-rebreather mask
-venturi mask
-tracheostomy mask and collar
-face tent