Physical Development
Define epiphyses
Growth centers in which cartilage hardens into bone
Piaget would say children in early childhood are in the ___________ stage
Preoperational
What is pro-social behavior?
Behaviors intended to help others without the expectation of a reward.
School-age children are in Piaget's ______ stage
Concrete operations
More logical and organized thinking
Ability to engage in decentration and reversibility
What is the most defining feature of friendships in middle childhood?
Trust
What is the most common chronic disease in childhood?
Asthma
What is egocentrism?
Children's inability to distinguish others' symbolic viewpoints from their own. Typically seen in the preoperational stage.
Name 1 biological and 1 environmental influence on gender typing
-Evolutionary adaptiveness of male/female traits
-Prenatal hormones
Environmental
-Family has different expectations of males & females, differences in language used when talking about males & females
-Teachers encouraging gender-stereotyped learning and play
-Peers reinforcing gender type play and criticizing divergance from that
-Social envrionment
At ages 7 & 8, children shift from learning to read to _________
Reading to learn
What is emotional self-efficacy?
When a child is able to develop effective emotional self-regulation, they develop a feeling of being in control of their emotional experiences
The ________, located at the base of the brain, releases two hormones that induce growth.
Pituitary gland
What is theory of mind?
The understanding that not everyone shares the same thoughts and feelings as you. (think perspective taking)
Name the most effective parenting style and one characteristic of that style.
Authoriataive
High acceptance
High involvement
Adaptive control
Appropriate autonomy
Warmth
Parental involvement
Name one aspect of executive functioning
-Inhibition & self-control
-Planning
-Self-monitoring
-Flexible thinking
-Working memory
-Time management
-Organization
Children of queer parents develop similarly to children of cis-het parents, except for...
Discriminatory contexts and experiences
Name one secular trend in physical growth
Consistent gains in height
Significant gains in weight due to improved health and nutrition as well as accessibility of high-calorie food
What does Piaget define conservation as?
The idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same even when their outward appearance changes (think experiment with tall vs short glasses)
Name and define the two distinct purposes of aggression.
Proactive aggression: acting to fulfill a need or desire
Reactive aggression: an angry, defensive response meant to hurt another person
Name and define one memory strategy that is used in middle childhood
Rehearsal - repeating items to oneself
Organization - grouping related items together (categorization)
Elaboration - creating a relationship between pieces of information from different categories
Children's morality in middle childhood is likely based on ___________
Rules and laws
Actions and immediate consequences
Later - intentions, context
What is the corpus callosum and what is its purpose?
A large bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain, supporting the communication of the two hemispheres.
Name three types of play and the characteristics of it.
Unoccupied play (child makes random movements)
Solitary play (child plays alone and ignoring others)
Onlooker play (child watches other children but doesn't join)
Parallel play (children play with similar activities side by side, but do not engage with one-another)
Associative play (children play together but don't share the same goals)
Cooperative play (children engage in sophisticated play with shared goals)
Make believe/sociodramatic play (children create imaginary worlds through their playscapes)
Name 1 direct influence and 1 indirect influence of parents on early peer relations.
Direct:
Play dates
Modeling initating peer contact
Providing guidance on interactions
Indirect:
Secure attachment
Sensitive, emotionally expressive, and play in the parent-child relationships
Relationship between parent and their friends/peers.
Name and define one of the two common approaches to teaching reading skills
Whole-langauge: presents texts in complete form (think sight words)
Phonics) teaches basic letter sounds and language rules to help children breakdown words
Name a factor that significantly influences children's adjustment to a divorce
Parental psychological health
Child's characteristics (age, temperament, gender)
Social supports
Parenting practices