Cells
Membranes
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
What's produced?
100

This organelle is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification of drugs in liver cells

Endoplasmic reticulum

100

This passive process involves molecules moving from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Diffusion

100

This phase of cellular respiration has the highest ATP yield

Oxidative phosphorylation



100

Light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with these two molecules?

ATP and NADPH

100

One turn of the citric acid cycle releases this many carbon dioxide molecules.

2 carbon dioxide molecules
200

This organelle is involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, & steroids.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

200

These kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily

Small & hydrophobic

200

The purpose of the formation of lactic acid during anaerobic respiration is to ________

It allows NAD+ to reform


Explanation:

Cells need a constant supply of NAD+ to accept electrons during glycolysis in order to produce pyruvate from glucose.

200

Enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place in this location of the chloroplast

Stroma

200

How many molecules of ATP are directly generated per cycle of the citric acid cycle?

2 ATP molecules

300

This organelle is the site of synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

300

This type of structure can serve as a receptor or cell recognition molecule on cell surfaces.

(Hint: carbohydrate & protein)

glycoprotein

300

Which area of the mitochondria would have the lowest pH?

The intermembrane space


Explanation:

ATP synthase, which is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane, requires a proton gradient in order to create ATP. This means that the protons need to be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the intermembrane space. This results in the intermembrane space having the lowest pH in the mitochondria, due to the high proton concentration.

The mitochondrial matrix is the interior of the inner mitochondrial membrane, while the cytosol is not a part of the mitochondria. Neither of these have particularly low pH values. Christae are the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase its surface area for the electron transport chain processes; though structurally useful in facilitating respiration, the pH of christae is roughly the same as that of the mitochondrial matrix.

300

This molecule is the primary electron donor in photosystem II

Water

300

How many molecules of ATP would be produced and available for use if four molecules of glucose were used during anaerobic respiration?

8

400

This organelle produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?

Golgi apparatus

400

This type of protein is attached to the extracellular matrix.

Integral

400

While running a marathon, an individual feels pain and a burning sensation in her legs. One reason for this is the conversion of pyruvate into lactic acid which the body does in order to __________.

regenerate NAD+ from NADH


Explanation:

In the absence of available oxygen, the body conducts metabolism anaerobically in a process known as fermentation. During strenuous exercise, like running a marathon, the body needs to generate ATP at a rate faster than oxygen is becoming available.

To combat this issue, the body converts pyruvate and NADH, generated in glycolysis, into lactic acid and NAD+, respectively. This regenerated NAD+ can participate in further glycolysis to generate more ATP, even in the absence of oxygen. Oxygen only becomes a necessary reactant in the electron transport chain; thus, glycolysis can continue to generate limited amounts of ATP in an anaerobic environment as long as NAD+ is present.

400

During the light-dependent reactions, where in a chloroplast is the enzyme ATP synthase located?

Thylakoid membrane

400

What is produced during glycolysis?

(per glucose molecule, include specific number of each) 

4 ATP molecules produced (2 ATP net produced)

2 NADH

2 pyruvates

 

500

These organelles contain hydrolytic enzymes and break down excess or worn-out cell parts.

Lysosomes

500

When a solute moves down its concentration gradient across a non-permeable barrier, the process is known as __________.

Facilitated diffusion

500

The drug, DNP, destroys the H+ gradient that forms in the electron transport chain. What is the most likely consequence?

The cells will be forced to perform fermentation.


Explanation:

If the proton gradient of the electron transport chain were to be destroyed, the cell would need to perform cellular respiration without an electron transport chain. The only option would be to move to anaerobic respiration, which requires fermentation.

500

Chlorophyll absorbs light most effectively in these two wavelength ranges.

(which two colors)

blue and red wavelength ranges.

500

If 23 molecules of glucose are catabolized, how many molecules of ATP are produced by the Citric Acid Cycle? How many FADH2 molecules and NADH molecules are produced by the cycle?

46 ATP 

46 FADH2

138 NADH

Explanation:

23 molecules of glucose are catabolized, and each glucose molecule produces 2 molecules of pyruvate, we have a total of 46 pyruvate molecules entering the citric acid cycle.

Now, let's calculate the ATP, FADH2, and NADH produced per pyruvate, and then multiply by 46 to get the total for 23 molecules of glucose:

  • ATP: Each turn of the cycle produces 1 GTP, which can be converted to ATP. Therefore, for every pyruvate entering the cycle, 1 ATP equivalent is produced.
  • FADH2: Each turn of the cycle produces 1 FADH2.
  • NADH: Each turn of the cycle produces 3 NADH.

So, for 46 pyruvate molecules:

  • ATP produced = 46 × 1 = 46 ATP equivalents
  • FADH2 produced = 46 × 1 = 46 FADH2
  • NADH produced = 46 × 3 = 138 NADH