Membranes
Describe the structure of the phospholipid bilayer
-Amphipathic phospholipids (hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails)
-cholesterol
-glycolipids and glycoproteins
-ECM
Differentiate between catabolic and anabolic reactions
-Catabolic: breaking down molecules, releases energy, exergonic, spontaneous
-Anabolic: building up molecules, requires energy, endergonic, nonspontaneous
What is the overall balanced equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6H2O + 6CO2
Where do the light reactions and calvin cycle occur?
-light reactions: thylakoid membranes
-calvin cycle: stroma
Describe the signal transduction pathway
1. Reception
2. Transduction
3. response
What would happen if you placed an animal cell in a hypotonic solution?
Animal cell: burst/lysed
What are the functions of a dehydrogenase, kinase, and decarboxylase?
-dehydrogenase=removes 2 h atoms
-kinase=transfers p group to substrate
-decarboxylase=removes Coo- or cooh
What is the function of phosphofructokinase? In which phase of glycolysis does this enzyme work?
-transfers phosphate from ATP to F6P, making handlebars
-energy investment phase of glycolysis
What are the respective functions of photosystem II and photosystem I?
-PS II: uses light energy to split water into O, protons, and electrons
-PS I: reduces 12 NADP+ to 12 NADPH
How do g protein-coupled receptors work?
plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of G-Protein, cell surface receptor that binds to extracellular substances and transmits signals to an intracellular molecule called a G-Protein
Describe the synthesis of a glycoprotein
Rough er -> Golgi -> transport vesicle -> E face of membrane
Distinguish between a competitive and non-competitive inhibitor
-competitive: binds to and inhibits active site
-non-competitive: binds to different site and changes shape of active site
Describe the process of alcohol and lactic acid fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid and NAD+, while alcohol fermentation produces alcohol, carbon dioxide, and NAD+. They both have the same reactance, pyruvic acid and NADH.
What are the 3 phases of the calvin cycle?
1. CO2 fixation
2. Carbon reduction and sugar formation
3. RUBP regeneration
Once dimerized, how do receptor tyrosine kinase proteins initiate a cellular response?
-ATP transfers phosphate to tyrosine kinase regions
-relay proteins bind to the tyrosine kinase regions and become activated
-cellular response produced
Identify and describe 3 types of transport
-diffusion
-facilitated diffusion
-active transport
-phagocytosis
-pinocytosis
-receptor-mediated endocytosis
-electrogenic pump
Describe the process of allosteric regulation
a process where a molecule, called an effector, binds to a specific site on a protein (called the allosteric site) distinct from the active site, causing a conformational change in the protein that alters its activity, either enhancing or inhibiting its function;
-or-
Regulation of a protein by binding of an effector molecule to a site other than the active site on an enzyme.
How does oxidative phosphorylation work? How many ATP does it produce?
-NADH and FADH2 drop off hydrogen ions and electrons
-hydrogen ions pumped from matrix to intermembrane space
-ATP synthase uses hydrogen ions to produce ATP
-oxygen catches hydrogen ions to produce H2O
-26-28 ATP
Explain temporal separation in CAM plants
-CO2 fixation and calvin cycle occur in same cells at different times
-night: CO2 fixation
-day: calvin cycle
-very hot and dry environments --> stomata close during day to conserve water
Compare the adenylyl cyclase and phospholipase C pathways
-adenylyl cyclase -> CAMP -> phosphorylation cascade
-Phospholipase C -> IP3 -> Ca2+