Cell Structure and Function
What is an organelle?
a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell
Ex. Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome...
What do isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions do to cells?
Isotonic stays the same, hypertonic shrivel up, hypotonic swell
What is the function of an enzyme?
To speed up the rate of metabolic reations.
Put the phases of cellular respiration in order
1. Glycolysis
2. Preparatory Reaction
3. Citric Acid Cycle
4. Electron Transport Chain
Why are leaves green
they reflect green light
Proteins are processed and modified in the interior of what?
The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Where are proteins in the fluid mosaic membrane model?
Embedded in the membrane
What is the first law of thermodynamics (Also called law of conservation of energy)?
energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be changed from one form to another
What is the end product of cellular respiration? (3 things)
36-38 ATP, carbon dioxide, water
What is a stack of thylakoids called?
granum
In order to digest materials within a cell, the material to be digested must fuse with
a lysosome
What is the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?
What are the two interpretations of the second law of thermodynamics?
energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy
every energy transformation makes the universe less organized and more disordered
Why would a cell go through fermentation, and what type of pathway is fermentation (aerobic/anaerobic)?
A cell will go through fermentation if oxygen is limited.
In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide enters through openings in the leaves called __________
stomata
What is cell theory?
Think: what are the "ABC's" of cells?
A: All living things are composed of cells
B: Basic unit of life
C: Come from existing cells
What's the difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis?
Pinocytosis is for small molecules or liquid, phagocytosis is larger molecules like food.
The high energy bond in ATP that is used by cells is found in or between
The phosphate groups
Which phases of cellular respiration are anaerobic and which are aerobic?
Glycolysis does not utilize oxygen; it is anaerobic.
Preparatory reaction, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain utilize oxygen, they are aerobic.
What are the products of photosynthesis?
oxygen and glucose
Which organelles have a double membrane and what do those membranes have to do with the endosymbiotic theory?
Chloroplasts, mitochondria, and the nucleus have double membranes.
The endosymbiotic theory: the plasma membrane infolded around the nucleus, creating the first eukaryote. Chloroplasts were originally cyanobacteria and mitochondria were aerobic bacteria that were ingested into a cell and led to animal and plant cells.
Explain the sodium-potassium pump
The sodium-potassium pump uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to transport ions against their concentration gradients. For each ATP molecule used, the pump moves three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell.
During an enzymatic reaction, what happens to the enzyme
The enzyme and the substrate form a temporary complex
Explain the role of NAD+ and FAD in cellular respiration.
They serve as coenzymes for the enzymes in cellular respiration. They receive electrons and become reduced to NADH and FADH2 and transport the electrons into the mitochondria.
In photosynthesis, what are the two types of reactions and where do they take place
Light Reactions (Light-Dependent): Thylakoid
Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent): Stroma