Cytokines
A single cytokine can have many different actions.
What is pleiotropy?
This pathway is primarily activated by antigen-antibody complexes.
What is the classical pathway?
These are marked and calibrated to deliver one volume of a specified liquid.
What are volumetric pipettes?
The process by which particulate antigens aggregate to form larger complexes when a specific antibody is present.
What is agglutination?
This reaction, typical of type IV hypersensitivity, usually develops 24-48 hours after antigen exposure.
What is a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?
Many cytokines induce the production of additional cytokines by target cells.
What is a cascade?
Lysis of foreign cells, increase in vascular permeability, and migration of neutrophils to the tissues.
What are functions of the complement system?
These two letters may be marked on a serological pipette, also known as a blowout pipette.
What is TC?
This law states that free reactants are in equilibrium with bound reactants.
What is the law of mass action?
Arthus reaction, a skin reaction of localized inflammation characterized by redness and edema that peaks 3-8 hours after exposure is typical of this type of hypersensitivity reaction.
What is Type III?
The most important two cytokines in response to a viral infection.
What are IFN-alpha and IFN-beta?
The recognition unit of the classical complement pathway.
What is C1qrs?
The number of true positives divided by the number of true positives plus false negatives. Also defined as the proportion of people who have a specific disease or condition and have a positive result.
What is diagnostic sensitivity?
This method measures light that is scattered at a particular angle from the incident beam as it passes through a suspension.
What is nephelometry?
Patch test, skin testing, the Mantoux test, and Interferon gamma release assays (IGRA) all tests for this type of hypersensitivity.
Also, known as T cell growth factor, this cytokine drives growth and differentiation of both T and B cells as well as enhances the lytic activity of NK cells.
What is Interleukin-2 (IL-2)?
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The number of true negatives divided by the number of true negatives plus the number of false positives. Also referred to the proportion of people who do not have the disease and have a negative test.
What is diagnostic specificity?
This method involves haptens attached to carrier particles. These particles compete with patient antigens for a limited number of antibody binding sites. Lack of agglutination is a positive test, indicating the presence of antigen in the patient serum.
What is agglutination inhibition?
APCs process allergens and present to Th cells, which induces Th2 cells to produce allergen-specific IgE. The IgE binds to the FcERI receptors on mast cells and basophils. They cross-link causing the cells to degranulate and release chemical mediators causing inflammation.
What is the cellular mechanism of Type I hypersensitivity reactions?
This assay allows the detection and enumeration of individual cytokine-secreting cells. A plate is precoated with antibodies specific to the target cytokine. Patient blood is incubated overnight in this plate along with a peptide antigen that is processed by the monocytes and presented to T cells. T cells are then stimulated to produce cytokines. If the target cytokine is produced, it will bind the capture antibody. The sample is then washed, loaded with a conjugated detection antibody to be measured.
What is an ELISpot?
This assay measures the amount of patient serum required to lyse 50% of a standardized concentration of antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes.
What is the hemolytic titration (CH50) assay?
A four-fold serial dilution of 6 tubes results in this final dilution.
What is 1/4096?
This method calls for a patient sample to react with particles that are coated with reagent antibody. Agglutination indicated the presence of specific antigen in the patient sample.
What is reverse passive agglutination?
Activation of classical pathway of complement and cell lysis, opsonization and phagocytosis of the cell, or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.
What are the methods of cell damage in Type II hypersensitivity?