Chapter 4
Cory’s dad hides his keys under her blanket. Cory quickly retrieves and starts playing with them. What Piagetian stage has Cory mastered?
a. sensorimotor
b. preoperational
c. concrete operational
d. formal operational
a. sensorimotor
_____________ emphasizes how other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture, influence children’s development.
a. Piaget’s stage theory
b. Information processing theory
c. Sociocultural theory
d. Conservation operations theory
c. Sociocultural theory
Radhika is visiting Japan for the first time. She is attempting to learn the names of the food, eat with chop sticks, and pay attention to the etiquette of the meal. She is using ___________.
a. Weber’s Law
b. Top-Down Processing
c. Bottom-Up Processing
d. The Traveler Heuristic
c. Bottom-Up Processing
When Siobhan witnesses a car accident she senses both the sight of it and the loud sound of it. These combine to create her perception and this is an example of _____________.
a. Synesthesia
b. Inverse effectiveness
c. Sensory interference
d. Multimodal perception
d. Multimodal perception
When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and got very sick. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her feel sick. This example demonstrates:
a. operant conditioning
b. incremental learning
c. stimulus generalization
d. taste aversion
d. taste aversion
One element that shapes personality is temperament, which is related to self-regulation and is:
a. biologically based
b. environmentally based
c. the most important part of personality development
d. the least important part of personality development
a. biologically based
Personality is shaped by ______________, which is the interaction of a child’s temperament and the child’s environment.
a. nature and nurture
b. goodness of fit
c. self-regulation
d. physical activity
b. goodness of fit
Whenever Kim raises her voice at the end of the sentence it indicates that she is asking a question. With regards to hearing this is known as:
a. loudness
b. timbre
c. pitch
d. harmonic complexity
c. pitch
If you walked through the dormitory and heard someone playing a guitar you would recognize the sound as distinct from that made by a violin or piano. This is because of differences in:
a. timbre
b. loudness
c. pitch
d. duration
a. timbre
. A Pavlovian conditioned response elicits:
a. the single reflex that is measured
b. salivation
c. a whole system of responses in which some are more easily measured or observed
d. a voluntary response
c. a whole system of responses in which some are more easily measured or observed
Hector is a strict father who demands and expects obedience from his children. What is his style of parenting known as?
a. permissive
b. authoritative
c. rejecting-neglecting
d. authoritarian
d. authoritarian
Now that he’s an adolescent, Oliver finds that he wants to ride all the fastest roller coasters. Oliver’s brain rewards him for this sensation-seeking with ________.
a. testosterone
b. serotonin
c. dopamine
d. melatonin
c. dopamine
A(n) __________ is a memory template that is formed through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events.
a. schema
b. script
c. heuristic
d. bias
a. schema
A(n) _________ memory is a memory of an event that never actually occurred. It is implanted by experimental manipulation or other means.
a. false
b. iconic
c. eidetic
d. repressed
a. false
Two-year-old Malia learns that if she says “more milk, please” she always gets milk, which leads her to say please more often. Which concept best describes Malia’s learning process?
a. incidental learning
b. intentional learning
c. classical conditioning
d. operant conditioning
d. operant conditioning
Chris doesn’t know who he should be, so he doesn’t commit to any identity or belief. Chris is experiencing __________.
a. identity moratorium
b. identity foreclosure
c. identity achievement
d. identity diffusion
d. identity diffusion
What is the primary challenge faced during the stage of Intimacy vs. Isolation?
a. establishing a sense of trust
b. forming meaningful relationships
c. developing a personal identity
d. achieving a sense of generativity
b. forming meaningful relationships
The sense of smell is sometimes referred to as a “chemical sense” because __________.
a. chemicals often have a strong, noticeable smell
b. chemical stimuli are transformed into electrical signals
c. electrical stimuli are transformed into chemical signals
d. smells are processed in the chemical cortex
b. chemical stimuli are transformed into electrical signals
There is a small areas of Amit's brain where the neurons are stimulated by both visual and auditory input. This area "lights up" when he sees something or when he hears something. This area would be called a(n) ________.
a. sensory chiasm
b. multisensory input area
c. crossmodal receptive field
d. multimodal perception
c. crossmodal receptive field
After watching many Olympic medal ceremonies, Barak finds himself humming along with the national anthem of Singapore even though he did not know it before and did not try to learn it. What is this an example of?
a. habituation
b. operant conditioning
c. classical conditioning
d. implicit learning
d. implicit learning
Piaget’s stage theory can be described as which of the following?
a. continuous and qualitative
b. continuous and quantitative
c. discontinuous and qualitative
d. discontinuous and quantitative
c. discontinuous and qualitative
Children’s _______________ in pre-K and Kindergarten is the strongest predictor of reading ability in third and fourth grade.
a. IQ
b. phonemic awareness
c. rapid naming
d. vocabulary
b. phonemic awareness
What is the difference between multimodal phenomena and crossmodal phenomena?
a. The two terms are actually just two words for the exact same phenomenon.
b. Multimodal phenomena concern the unconscious way the brain receives different sensory input and crossmodal phenomena concern the conscious ways in which a perceive combines different types of input.
c. Multimodal phenomena concern the binding of inputs from multiple sensory modalities and crossmodal phenomena concern the influence of one sensor modality on the perception of another.
d. Crossmodal phenomena concern the binding of inputs from multiple sensory modalities and multimodal phenomena concern the influence of one sensor modality on the perception of another.
c. Multimodal phenomena concern the binding of inputs from multiple sensory modalities and crossmodal phenomena concern the influence of one sensor modality on the perception of another.
Which of the following is an accurate reflection on the difference between sensation and perception?
a. Sensation refers to the process by which our senses send information to the brain whereas perception is the interpretation of this sensory information
b. Sensation refers to the interpretation of sensory information collected by the sensory organs whereas perception is the process by which perceptual receptors transduce energy into neural signals
c. Sensation is mainly a psychological process whereas perception is more like brain physiology
d. There is no difference
a. Sensation refers to the process by which our senses send information to the brain whereas perception is the interpretation of this sensory information
Why is metacognition so important for learning and memory?
a. People who have good metacognition always use effective learning strategies.
b. People who have good metacognition are able to adjust their learning strategies when they are not effective.
c. People who have good metacognition also tend to have higher working memory capacities.
d. People who have good metacognition choose reasonable strategies and stick with them regardless of their successes and failures.
b. People who have good metacognition are able to adjust their learning strategies when they are not effective.