Intro to Eukarya
Name all three synapomorphies of Domain Eukarya
Mitochondria, Nuclei, Membrane-Bound Organelles
What lineage is a water mold? Give an example. Why are the called molds?
Stramenopila, Potato Blight/the fish thing.
What parasite is known for it's major GI tract symptoms? Where does it thrive? How does it get into you?
Giardia
High altitude freshwater, drinking unclean water
How did plants change the ecology of the Earth?
First multicellular organisms who could survive being exposed to the open air, contributed to high oxygen levels
Name the gymnosperm lineages. What are their characteristics?
Cycads, Ginkgo, Conifers, Gnetophytes
How many times did mitochondria evolve? How? Is chloroplast the same?
Once. Primary Endosymbiosis. No (2nd, 3rd endo)
In order of most ancestral to most derived, state the names of every Bikonta lineage.
Excavata, Plantae, Rhizaria, Alveolata, Stramenopila
(Alveolata and Stramenopila are interchangeable)
Briefly explain the progression of African Sleeping Sickness.
Tsetse fly bite, fever/headaches/joint pain, neuro symptoms, coma (the sleeping part), death
What are the characteristics of algae? How do Red and Green algae differ?
No leaves, roots, or stems. Absorption through tissues, called the thallus. Supported by water.
Red has pigments which reflect red light and are nearly all marine. Green has chlorophyll, can be single called, and are aquatic.
Briefly explain the evolution of vascular tissue. What factor drove it? What polymer was/is indispensable?
Simple-Water Conducting Cells, First Vascular Tissue, Tracheids, Vessel Elements.
Necessity to grow upright to compete, lignin
What evidence supports the theory of endosymbiosis?
Morphology, double(or more) membranes, independent circular DNA, fission
What characteristic of Excavates could you use to argue that they're a paraphyletic group? What about the opposite?
Lack of mitochondria. Evidence of mitochondrial DNA
What are the three versions of Leishmaniasis? How is it spread?
Cutaneous (skin), Visceral (Liver), Mucocutaneous (skin and mucous membranes)
Sandflies
Explain the steps of the Alternation of Generations cycle. Work with your group.
I'm not writing all that lmao
Why are seeds so important? What even is an endosperm?
Extremely resilient, easy to disperse, has built-in nutrition, seed cost protection, ability to become dormant.
3n nutritive tissue developed through double fertilization.
Name the Eukaryotic innovation which is most important for genetic variation. What two hypothesis are there describing this innovation? What cellular process allows this?
Sexual Reproduction. Red Queen, Changing Environment Hypothesis. Meiosis
What Bikonta lineages are know for the parasites? Examples?
Alveolata and Excavata. Every Bikonta disease in lecture is either group
Malaria has a complex life cycle, briefly describe it. What are the symptoms (besides dying)?
Mosquito bite, saliva transfer, proliferation in liver, proliferation in blood, Mosquito bite, transfer
Fever-like symptoms till death
What adaptations in plants are expressly made to prevent water loss?
Cuticle, stomata/guard cells, sporopollenin.
Pigments and flavonoids could protect from the sun drying, but aren't the main answers.
Explain the success of angiosperms, especially in relative to animals.
Should be able to cover; morphological traits, pollination, creation of fruit
Eukaryotes are known for their unique systems of Cell Support. What three materials (as mentioned in the first lecture) are these? What organisms are they linked to?
What are the synapomorphies of the Bikonta tree? Work with your group. (Don't include Plantae)
Imma have to check lecture lmao
Biology is not just restricted to science, it affects the world as a whole.
Describe the class examples of how Bikonta lineages affected a human culture and human genetics. The latter should be in great depth.
Work with your group.
Belief that Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis was a punishment from god (face melting off), Manchu Pichu being high enough to avoid sandflies.
Relation between Malaria and Sickle Cell Anemia. People with one gene for SCA are resistant to Malaria.
Draw the Plantae phylogeny with synapomorphies. Work with your group
Gotta check slides rn
We've come a long way since algae. Explain the challenges to plants entering land. How did plants evolve from algae to angiosperms?
Should include the challenges of land plants, and main innovations such as vascular tissues, flavonoids, pigments, and other water adaptations. Lineage names are also good inclusions.