DNA & Protein Structure
a combination of DNA & proteins
chromatin
what is the Central Dogma?
DNA --> RNA --> proteins
1st law of thermodynamics
energy cannot be created or destroyed
cellular respiration is catabolic or anabolic?
catabolic
location of photosynthesis
the mesophyll
DNA strands are in a ___ shape, with the two strands ___ to each other
double helix; anti-parallel
what is a defect in a gene called?
a mutation
2nd law of thermodynamics
every energy transfer/transformation increases the entropy of the universe or system
glycolysis is anaerobic or aerobic?
glycolysis is anaerobic
what are the light reactions?
light energy is harvested to produce short-lived ATP and NADPH
what bonds are involved in the creation of tertiary structure in proteins?
a. Van der Waals forces
b. covalent bonding
c. hydrogen bonding
d. ionic bonding
all of the above
what is RNA polymerase?
the enzyme that carries out transcription
a process/reaction that occurs without requiring energy input is considered
hint: exergonic is true, but not what i'm looking for
spontaneous
the electron transport chain has a ___ gradient that stores potential energy to be used for ATP
proton
this cycle, also known as the "dark reactions," uses ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to convert CO₂ into sugar.
the Calvin Cycle
1. a carboxyl group
2. the amino group
3. a hydrogen
each transcription unit is defined by a start signal called a ____ and a stop signal called the ___
promoter; terminator
a ΔG < 1 means a reaction is...
endergonic; nonspontaneous
the 3 important electron carriers
NAD+ and FAD
oxygen: the final electron acceptor
this enzyme can mistakenly bind to oxygen (O2) instead of carbon dioxide (CO2), causing a process called photorespiration instead of photosynthesis
Rubisco
Analytical chemistry shows that amount of A = T and amount of G = C
Chargraff's Rule
this enzyme attaches an amino acid to the 3' end of a tRNA molecule
aminoacyl tRNA synthase
the change in free energy (ΔG) equation is
ΔG = ΔH - T ΔS
the citric acid cycle completes the ____
oxidation of glucose into carbon dioxide
chlorophyll a: the primary pigment, green
chrolophyll b: the secondary or accessory pigment, green
carotenoids: secondary or accessory pigments, orange and yellow