Moderation and Mediation
What are the two fundamental features of an experiment?
- Researchers manipulate the IV
- Researchers exert control over variables other than IV and DV
What are the four moral principles?
- weighing risks against benefits
- acting responsibly and with integrity
- seeking justice
- respecting people's rights and dignity
What is face validity?
- The degree to which the measure appears to be appears to reflect the construct being measured. Assess this using "the eye test."
What is the difference between an ANOVA test and an independent samples t-test?
- You can only use an independent samples t-test if you have two groups in your IV, if there's more you must use an ANOVA test.
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?
- Qualitative research is based in language (case studies, interviews, diary studies, etc.)
- Quantitative research is based in numbers or metrics
What is random assignment?
What is the IRB?
- The board that has to pass judgement on the quality and safety of studies before they can be conducted.
Explain in your own words what discriminant validity is.
- Discriminant validity i the degree to which the measure is correlating with measures that it should NOT correlate to.
If both the DV and the IV are categorical, what statistical test should you use?
- Chi-squared
What are the two things needed to achieve 'perfect internal validity'?
- no alternative explanation for the change in DV
- the IV is the only thing that has changed
What is the difference between within-subjects and between-subjects design?
- between subjects designs is comparing two separate groups; each participant is only in one condition. Within subjects designs compares the same groups in two separate conditions.
- weighing risks against benefits
What is the maturation effect? Give one example of how maturation can happen in a study.
What is a correlation coefficient?
- The measure of the strength of the association between two variables
What is one advantage and one disadvantage of a focus group?
- Advantages: easy, fast, inexpensive
- Disadvantages: less control over the process, not appropriate for sensitive topics
How can we avoid demand characteristics?
- Be general about what will happen and what the participants will do
- Make it difficult to figure out what the study is/throw participants off the scent
What 3 principle does the Belmont report highlight?
- respect for people
- justice
- beneficence
What is the solution for the history effect?
- The solution for the history effect is to compare the participants or group that is being examined with a control group that did not have the variable you are measuring.
Two variables have a correlation coefficient of r = -.45, what kind of relationship is this?
- A negative moderate relationship
True or False: Random assignment eliminates the influence of extraneous variables.
- False, but it randomly distributes them throughout groups.
What is the difference between straightforward and staged manipulations?
- straightforward is written instructions, verbal/visual materials while staged manipulations are manipulating the setting and environment, typically using confederates (someone who is apart of the experiment, but appears and acts like another participant or stranger.)
Explain one moral principle in your own words.
- weighing risks against benefits (benefits must outweigh risks)
- acting responsibly and with integrity (researchers being honest and trustworthy)
- seeking justice (treating participants fairly, most important for marginalized/invisible populations)
- respecting people's rights and dignity (respect autonomy, give informed consent, respect privacy, maintain confidentiality and anonymity)
What is concurrent validity?
- Concurrent validity is the degree to which a measure correlates to the other, existing measures.
- For example, if you create a new test to measure stress, you need to compare it to other tests that measure stress.
What is a type ll error (false negative)?
- You fail to reject the null hypothesis when it’s actually false
What is the order effect? What are the types?
- When the order/sequence in which things are presented affects how people respond or behave.
- Fatigue effect, Practice effect, Carryover effect