Cardiovascular System
Is considered the pacemaker of the heart
SA node
Three muscles involved in exhalation
Diaphragm, internal intercostals, and abdominal muscles
Is released by the kidneys in response to low O2 levels
Erythropoietin
During exercise, systolic BP ___________, diastolic BP ___________.
increases, stays the same or decreases
The term describing the ability of myocardial cells to generate and spread electrical signals
Spontaneous Rhythmicity
The term is used to describe the greatest amount of air that can be expired after maximal inspiration.
Vital capacity
This anterior pituitary hormone promotes bone development, muscle growth, and increases fat utilization.
Growth Hormone
The two determinants of VO2max.
Cardiac output and a-vO2 difference
(Fick equation)
Is the main regulator of the cardiovascular system during exercise
central command
During exercise, what happens to the a-vO2 difference
Arterial PO2 stays the same, and venous PO2 decreases, the a-vO2 differences increases
Pancreatic hormones: During exercise, _________ secretion is decreased and _________ secretion is increased
Insulin; Glucagon
List three adverse effects of anabolic steroids.
Cancer (liver, prostate), heart disease, psychological (anger, rage), adverse changes in secondary sexual characteristics, such as abnormal facial hair and decreased breast size in women, gynecomastia and testicular atrophy in males
Which mechanism is responsible for dilating the arterioles to increase blood flow in the muscles during exercise
Local autoregulation
The respiratory response that results from increasing blood lactate levels is called:
Ventilatory Threshold
Renin is released from the __________ in response to _________.
kidney; decreased blood pressure
Four muscles used for inhalation during vigorous exercise
Diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoids, scalenes
The sympathetic neurotransmitter and its effects on the heart and blood vessels during exercise
Norepinephrine- increases heart rate and contractility; vasoconstriction
During exercise, When the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right what is happening
Oxygen molecules are released from hemoglobin (unloaded) sooner to increase O2 delivery to the muscles
The pituitary hormone _________ increases water reabsorption; the adrenal hormone __________ increases __________ and water reabsorption.
ADH, aldosterone, sodium
What three components make up female athlete triad? What hormone is involved?
Energy deficiency, amenorrhea, low bone mass; estrogen