Cognition & Intelligence
If a test produces nearly identical scores when it is retaken after a two-month interval, the test is said to be
reliable
An external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior is a(n):
incentive
An individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits
What is personality?
Homeostasis is a state of
physiological stability
The most common known cause of intellectual disability is
fetal alcohol syndrome
The fact that the correlation in IQ scores between identical twins reared apart is lower than that between identical twins reared together suggests that
environmental factors can have an influence on intellectual development.
The physiological component of emotion is directly associated with the functioning of the
autonomic nervous system
People high in _____ tend to be organized, dependable, and show up on time.
conscientiousness
Jenna is 14 months old and uses only “bottle,” “no,” “up,” “bye-bye,” “mama,” and “dada” when she talks. However, when the family is on their way to visit Jenna’s grandmother, and her father tells Jenna to get her blue bunny from the bedroom and bring it with her, Jenna quickly runs to get the bunny. This episode demonstrates that
toddlers’ receptive vocabularies are larger than their productive vocabularies.
Etiology includes prenatal malnutrition, prenatal exposure to viral infections, and structural abnormalities connected to repeated concussions
Schizophrenia
Joe is a bilingual elementary school student. Compared to his monolingual peers, Joe is likely to excel on tasks requiring:
working memory
Researchers have uncovered strong links between cognitive reactions or the _____ and specific emotions.
appraisal of the event
The largely unconscious reactions used to protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt are _____ mechanisms.
defense
Adults who experience love relationships that are volatile, are marked by jealousy, and reflect expectations of rejection exhibit _____ attachment.
Anxious-ambivalent
Kate constantly thinks about jumping in front of an oncoming car when she is walking. The only way she seems to be able to stop these self-destructive thoughts is to say Mother Goose nursery rhymes over and over to herself. In this case, Kate’s symptoms are MOST consistent with
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to
estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event.
Imagine a neighborhood in which a hurricane has caused extensive flooding. Many of the residents have had their homes damaged or destroyed. At the time, however, the material loss is unimportant as the residents think only of escaping the flood. Maslow would say this is because the residents’ ______ needs are threatened.
safety and security
According to the five-factor model of personality, people who score high in _____ tend to be sympathetic, trusting, cooperative, and modest.
Agreeableness
Compare how Frank was raised to how Leon was raised (The Coldest Heart case study)
Frank - secure attachment, needs (physiological and social) met, people available to soothe and comfort him
Leon - insecure attachment, neglected for hours, needs unmet, no one available to soothe or comfort him
Roger enjoys gambling so much that he does it every day, totally neglecting his family, job, relationships, and health. Many areas of his life are substantially impacted. Roger’s behavior satisfies which of the following criteria of abnormality MOST clearly?
Maladaptive behavior
The theory that language influences the way that we think.
According to the James-Lange theory, people look to _____ cues to differentiate and label their emotions; according to Schachter, people look to _____ cues to differentiate and label their emotions
James-Lange Physiological
Schachter Situational
Skinner would explain why one student responds positively to receiving a B on a test while another student responds negatively to a B by noting that
the students have different histories of reinforcement and punishment.
. Matthew often hears his parents discussing the importance of making lots of money. Eventually, Matthew himself begins to value a high income. Matthew’s attitude about money was acquired through:
observational learning
Describe the three criteria used to determine whether or not a particular behavior is abnormal and can be classified as a psychological disorder.
1) Deviance: behavior that deviates from what society considers acceptable. Varies between cultures.
2) Maladaptive: behavior that impairs a person's ability to function (home, work, family, friends, self-care, etc.)
3) Personal Distress: subjective report of discomfort or concern with behaviors