Heart physio
The degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contract
preload
The tunica media of a blood vessel is primarily composed of
Smooth muscle and elastin
Which hormone only plays a role in long-term blood pressure regulation?
aldosterone
The slowest blood flow in the entire cardiovascular system occurs in these vessels, allowing ample time for gas and nutrient exchange
capillaries
According to Starling's law, if 85% of filtered fluid is reabsorbed at the venous end of capillaries, what system is responsible for picking up the remaining 15% and returning it to the vascular system?
lymphatic system
What type of heart murmur occurs when the valves fail to open completely, which restricts blood flow (high-pitched screeching)
Stenotic valves
Which type of capillary is the most permeable and found in locations like the liver, bone marrow, and spleen?
Sinusoidal capillaries
Myogenic controls respond directly to
stretch (of the vascular smooth muscle)
This type of fluid movement is important in determining the relative fluid volumes in the blood and interstitial space. It involves fluid being forced out of capillaries on the arterial end and most of it returning at the venous end.
bulk flow
These structures are an elaborate network of drainage vessels that return interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to the blood
lymphatic vessels
The cardioinhibitory center sends _________________ output via the ________ nerve to __________________.
parasympathetic; vagus; pacemakers only
Which type of blood vessel plays the most significant role in regulating peripheral resistance and controlling blood flow into capillary beds?
Arterioles
Baroreceptors respond to low blood pressure by stimulating the __________ and ______________ center and inhibiting the ______________ center.
vasomotor; cardioacceleratory; cardioinhibitory
The process of forces or pressures pushing fluids out of capillaries and into the interstitial space is called
filtration
This short-term but severe localized edema is caused by anything that prevents the normal return of lymph to the bloodstream, such as a blockage by tumors.
lymphedema
The pacemaker potential in autorhythmic cardiac cells is primarily due to the opening of
Slow Na+ channels
This term refers to the ability of arteries to return to their resting length after being stretched, acting as "pressure reservoirs"
elasticity (or recoil)
Short-term neural and hormonal controls alter
This term describes the intermittent, rather than continuous, blood flow through the true capillaries due to the alternating contraction and relaxation of precapillary sphincters.
vasomotion
Each of the 2 large lymphatic ducts empties lymph into venous circulation at the junction of the _________________ and _________________ veins.
internal jugular and subclavian
This phase of the cardiac cycle involves the ventricles increasing in pressure. When the ventricular pressure exceeds the pressure in the great vessels exiting the heart, the SL valves open and blood is ejected
Ventricular ejection
What are the 2 structural adaptations that help ensure venous return despite low venous pressure
venous valves and large diameter lumen
This potent vasoconstrictor hormone is generated by the kidney's release of renin and stimulates aldosterone secretion and ADH release
angiotensin II
At the ________ end of a capillary bed, inward forces dominate, ___________ occurs, and NFP is ___________
venous; reabsorption; negative
This larger of the two main lymphatic ducts arises from the cisterna chyli and drains lymph from a majority of the body.
thoracic duct