Adaptive Immunity - T cells
Differentiation of T cells takes place here over a three-week period.
What is the thymus cortex?
Pro-, pre-, immature, and mature cells
What are the antigen-independent stages of B cell differentiation?
Immunoglobulins are the slowest moving proteins. They appear in this band on serum electrophoresis at pH 8.6.
What is the gamma globulin band?
What is pleiotropy?
Also known as T cell growth factor, this cytokine drives growth and differentiation of both T and B cells as well as enhances the lytic activity of NK cells.
What is Interleukin-2 (IL-2)?
This is composed of two protein chains: an alpha and a beta chain. Helps recognize peptide antigen presented by MHC molecules.
What is a T-cell receptor (TCR)?
This causes a mature B cell to activate and proliferate into a plasma cell.
What is antigenic stimulation?
These two types of light chains are found in all five classes of immunoglobulins, but only one type is present in a single molecule.
What are kappa and lambda?
The most important two cytokines in response to a viral infection.
What are IFN-alpha and IFN-beta?
The main function is to establish a concentration gradient to guide cell movement.
What are chemokines?
Specificity, memory, enhanced response, and timing.
What are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?
This is the purpose of peripheral tolerance (negative selection) in the immature B cell stage.
What is self-tolerance?
Treatment with this enzyme breaks the immunoglobulin into two Fab fragments and one Fc fragment.
What is Papain?
TGF-beta and IL-10.
What are anti-inflammatory cytokines?
TNF-alpha, IL-1, Il-6, and IFN-gamma.
What are proinflammatory cytokines?
In this stage of T cell differentiation, thymocytes undergo rearrangement of genes coding for the beta chain of the TCR. V, D, and J segments are clipped and stitched together randomly.
What is the double-negative (DN) stage?
Successful rearrangement of BCR genes starting with heavy chain gene V, D, and J segments concludes this stage of B cell differentiation.
What is the pro-B cell stage?
This antibody class can bind complement, opsonize foreign antigens, neutralize toxins, cross the placenta, and participate in precipitation reactions.
What is IgG?
Also called colony-stimulating factors, these cytokines stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of multiple lines of progenitor cells in the bone marrow.
What are hematopoietic growth factors?
Produced in the kidneys and regulates RBC production in the bone marrow.
What is EPO?
Thymocytes survive this in the DP stage if their TCR moderately recognizes MHC antigens on stromal cells in the cortex.
What is positive selection?
In this stage, B cells exhibit cell surface IgM and IgD, which provide activating signals to B cells when antigen stimulation occurs.
What is a mature B cell?
Since IgM is a pentamer with a valence of 10, it is ideal for this function and this reaction.
What is complement fixation and agglutination?
This assay allows detection and enumeration of individual cytokine-secreting cells.
What is ELISpot?
This cytokine inhibits antigen presentation by macrophages and dendritic cells, has an anti-inflammatory and suppressive effect on Th1 cells, and downregulates the immune response by counteracting IFN-gamma.
What is Interleukin-10 (IL-10)?