Metabolism
Metabolism
Metabolism
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
100
The totality of an organism's chemical reactions
Metabolism
100
The capacity to cause change
Energy
100
The initial energy needed for a reaction to occur is known as...
Activation energy
100
Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called ______ _______.
Redox reactions
100
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
Matrix of mitochondria
100
The process that converts solar energy into chemical energy
Photosynthesis
100
As wavelength increases, energy (increases/decreases)
Decreases
100
What is the product(s) of the Calvin cycle?
G3P
200
What does this diagram show?
A simplified metabolic pathway
200
Name two forms of energy
Kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, light
200
Name one way an enzyme can lower an activation energy barrier.
Orienting substrates correctly, straining substrate bonds, providing a favorable microenvironment, covalently bonding to the substrate
200
What does OIL stand for in OIL RIG?
Oxidation is loss
200
What are the products of the citric acid cycle for one molecule of glucose?
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
200
_____ sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms
Autotrophs
200
The entire range of electromagnetic energy is called the ______ ______
Electromagnetic spectrum
200
What is the job of rubisco in the Calvin cycle?
Fix CO2
300
Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds
Catabolic Pathways
300
The energy of movement
Kinetic Energy
300
Nonprotein enzyme helpers are called...
Cofactors
300
Lactate is converted back into glucose in the liver. This is known as?
The Cori cycle
300
Where is the electron transport chain located?
Cristae of mitochondrion
300
_____ are the consumers of the biosphere
Heterotrophs
300
Substances that absorb visible light
Pigments
300
What stage of photosynthesis uses CO2?
Calvin cycle
400
What is an example of a catabolic pathway?
Hydrolysis reaction, cellular respiration
400
Energy stored as chemical bonds, concentration gradient, or charge imbalance
Potential Energy
400
_______ inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate
Competitive
400
Which stage of cellular respiration generates about 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration?
Oxidative phosphorylation
400
How many steps are in the citric acid cycle?
8 steps
400
_____ are the major locations of photosynthesis
Leaves
400
What machine is used to measure a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths?
Spectrophotometer
400
What process consumes O2, consumes ATP, produces no sugar, produces CO2, and is considered inefficient?
Photorespiration
500
Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
Anabolic Pathways
500
The study of energy transformations
Thermodynamics
500
_________ inhibitors bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making active site less effective
Noncompetitive
500
How many ATPs are generated by one glucose molecule through cellular respiration?
32 ATP
500
Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form _____
Citrate
500
Where is chlorophyll embedded?
In the thylakoid membrane
500
A graph plotting a pigment's light absorption vs. wavelength is called an ______ ______
Absorption spectrum
500
What percentage of plants are C3 plants?
95%
600
What is an example of an anabolic pathway?
Dehydration reaction, translation
600
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can be transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed (also called the principle of conservation of energy)
600
What kind of regulation changes the shape of an enzyme to change the enzyme's function?
Allosteric regulation
600
Which step(s) of cellular respiration don’t require oxygen?
Glycolysis
600
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen; oxygen then readily forms water
600
Where are chloroplasts mainly found?
In the mesophyll
600
Which photosystem functions first and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm?
Photosystem II
600
What enzyme do C4 plants use to minimize the cost of photorespiration?
PEP carboxylase
700
The study of how organisms manage their energy resources
Bioenergetics
700
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
OR
Every energy transfer is less than 100% efficient
700
When the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway, this is known as...
Feedback inhibition
700
“Energy released transfers a phosphate from the substrate to ADP, forming ATP” describes what?
Substrate-level phosphorylation
700
The use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work is known as _______
Chemiosmosis
700
The dense interior fluid found in chloroplasts is called ______
Stroma
700
The "Z scheme" refers to which type of electron flow?
Linear
700
What kind of separation do C4 plants use to counter photorespiration?
Spatial separation
800
What processes occur without energy input (can happen quickly or slowly)?
Spontaneous Processes
800
Energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform is known as...
Gibbs free energy
800
Are organisms open or isolated systems?
Open; isolated is like thermos, isolated from surroundings
In an open system, energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings
800
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
800
The H+ gradient is referred to as a _______ - ______ _____, emphasizing its capacity to do work
Proton-motive force
800
What reactant is reduced in photosynthesis?
CO2
800
What type of electron flow uses only photosystem I and produces ATP?
Cyclic
800
How do CAM plants solve the problem of photorespiration?
Temporal separation; open stomata only at night
900
Processes with a negative ΔG are ________
Spontaneous
900
What type of reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous?
Exergonic reaction
900
For a process to occur without energy input, it must (increase/decrease) the entropy of the universe
Increase
900
What are the two phases of glycolysis?
Energy consuming reaction, energy producing reaction
900
Does anaerobic respiration use an electron transport chain?
Yes; uses a final electron acceptor other than O2
900
What stage of photosynthesis splits H2O, releases O2, reduces NADP+ to NADPH, and generates ATP from ADP by photophosphorylation?
Light reactions
900
What are the three phases of the Calvin Cycle?
Carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
900
True or False? Photosynthesis is the only natural process that removes CO2 from the atmosphere
True
1000
What type of reaction absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous?
Endergonic reaction
1000
Using an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one is known as...
Energy coupling
1000
Is equilibrium a state of stability?
Yes; a state of maximum stability
1000
What are the products of pyruvate oxidation?
2 NADH and 2 Acetyl CoA; NO ATP
1000
What are the two types of fermentation?
Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
1000
The distance between crests and waves is ______
Wavelength
1000
What is the most abundant enzyme in the world?
Rubisco
1000
Where do C4 plants export their 4-carbon compounds?
Bundle-sheath cells