Metabolism & Energy
What is metabolism?
the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell (catabolism + anabolism)
What molecule is the cell’s main energy currency?
ATP
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
light reactions and Calvin cycle
What is the main goal of cellular respiration?
to make ATP from glucose
What are the two main stages of the cell cycle?
interphase and mitotic (M) phase
Which type of pathway releases energy by breaking down molecules?
catabolic pathway
What part of the enzyme binds to the substrate?
active site
What are the inputs of the light reactions?
light, H₂O, ADP, NADP⁺.
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
During which phase is DNA replicated?
S phase
What does the 1st law of thermodynamics state?
energy cannot be created or destroyed
What happens when an enzyme denatures?
it loses shape and function
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
in the stroma of the chloroplast
What are the inputs and outputs of glycolysis?
in: glucose, 2 ATP, NAD⁺
out: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP (net 2), 2 NADH
Name the five stages of mitosis.
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
A reaction with a negative ΔG is what type of reaction?
exergonic (spontaneous), catabolic
What does feedback inhibition do?
stops a pathway when the end product binds an earlier enzyme
What are the outputs of the Calvin cycle?
G3P (→ glucose), ADP, NADP⁺
Which step of respiration makes the most ATP?
oxidative phosphorylation
What is MPF and what does it do?
Maturation Promoting Factor, triggers passage from G₂ to M phase
How do enzymes speed up reactions?
by lowering activation energy
What is the fluid mosaic model?
the membrane is a fluid lipid bilayer with embedded proteins
What gas is released during photosynthesis?
O₂ (oxygen)
How are photosynthesis and respiration connected?
products of one are reactants of the other
What happens if a cell fails the G₁ checkpoint?
it enters G₀, a non-dividing state