Union and The Constitution
Hamilton justified the creation of a national bank by citing which clause of the Constitution?
The Necessary and Proper Clause
What was the primary purpose of the Tariff of 1828?
It was designed to protect Northern industry by making goods imported from Britain more expensive and allowing American industry to be more competitive
The political party that formed in opposition to Andrew Jackson was named the ___ Party.
Whig
What nickname did opponents in South Carolina give to the Tariff of 1828?
Tariff of Abominations
Why did the opposition party call themselves “Whigs?”
They adopted the name from the British party that had opposed King George III, to portray Jackson as a tyrannical monarch.
What was President Jackson’s primary argument against South Carolina’s claim of nullification?
Argued that the Union was older than the Constitution and represented the power of the people, not a mere compact of states
What was Alexander Hamilton’s vision for the American economy?
He advocated for a national bank, trade with Great Britain, and federal investment to make America a good place for business.
The Nullification Crisis was primarily about the federal government siding with a ____ interest against South Carolina’s?
Sectional
How did the other Southern states, which did not support nullification, react to Jackson’s Force Bill?
They became wary of the federal government’s power when they saw Jackson threaten a state with the army.
What compromise did Hamilton and Jefferson make regarding the national financial plan and the nation’s capital?
Jefferson agreed to Hamilton’s financial scheme in exchange for moving the capital to a new site that would become Washington, D.C.
What was Thomas Jefferson’s vision for America, which he called an “Empire of Liberty?”
He envisioned America expanding across the continent as a collection of equal small states run by farmers and landowners
What was the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 a protest against?
It was a protest by Pennsylvanian farmers against a federal tax on whiskey, which was part of Hamilton’s economic programme.
In his Farewell Address, what two primary dangers did Washington warn would tear the country apart?
He warned against excessive partisanship and entanglements in foreign politics.
What constitutional theory, originating from the Alien and Sedition Acts, became central to South Carolina’s resistance to the tariff?
Compact Theory, which viewed the Constitution as a compact of equal states
What was the unintended result of Marbury vs. Madison?
It made the judicial branch a co-equal of the other two and established the power of judicial review as a balance of Congress
What was the Compact Theory?
The constitution is a compact between consenting and equal states so therefore the states could disagree and nullify acts passed by the federal government
The expansion of the American economy through commerce, transportation, and infrastructure in the early 19th century is known as the ____.
Market Revolution
How did the political structure of South Carolina differ from other Southern states during the Jacksonian Era?
South Carolina remained dominated by an elite slaveholder planting class, other states saw a rise in democratic participation from a growing middle class of yeoman farmers.
What controversial bill did Jackson pass through Congress that threatened the use of the army to enforce the tariff?
The Force Bill
What was the “corrupt bargain” that Andrew Jackson’s supporters alleged occurred in the election of 1824?
They claimed Henry Clay used his influence as Speaker of the House to get John Quincy Adams elected president
Explain the Principle of Equality
First core pillar of Union - all members are unified that in their natural states they are political equals of their neighbors. In reality there were multiple degrees of unfreedom and oppression and natural rights.
What invention by Eli Whitney dramatically increased the profitability of slavery and led to its expansion into the Deep South?
The cotton gin
What was the ultimate resolution of the Nullification Crisis of 1832?
Henry Clay negotiated a revised, compromise tariff that slowly decreased over time.
How did Jefferson and his supporters view Jay’s Treaty?
They saw it as a sell-out to Great Britain and reinforcement of the idea that Federalists were British puppets.
Who wrote a famous abolitionist appeal in 1820 that terrified Southern slaveholders?
David Walker
Explain Daniel Webster’s Philosophy of Union.
The Union was a sacred, perpetual entity representing a collective national liberty, which must be preserved at all costs. If the Union ended, all benefits of the union and all prosperity related to it also ended.
What was the Panic of 1819?
The first major financial crisis in the United States, which led to an economic slump that hit farmers and planters particularly hard.
What political gamble did Nicolas Biddle and Henry Clay make regarding the National Bank’s charter in 1832?
They pushed for an early recharter, betting that Jackson would not risk a veto during an election year.
What were the three main parts of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, negotiated by Henry Clay?
Missouri admitted as a slave state
Maine admitted as a free state
Slavery prohibited in the rest of the Louisiana Purchased territory north of the 36 30 parallel
Why did the U.S. go to war with England in 1812?
Continued impressment of American sailors
Failure of the Embargo
Rising nationalism from the Louisiana purchase, westward expansion, and groups such as the “Warhawks”, who believed in the strength of the Union
A general public attitude that more Americans are willing to risk war to defend the Nation’s honor than in year’s past