Chapter 5
In __________, learning occurs when two stimuli are paired closely in time.
Classical Conditioning
What are the three steps in memory information processing, in the correct order?
Encoding, storage, retrieval.
Our ability to learn, understand ideas, use knowledge to solve problems, and adapt to our environments is called what?
Intelligence.
At birth, an infant will automatically turn and suck when a nipple or similar object is placed near its mouth. This reflex is called what?
Rooting.
What is an unconditioned response?
An unlearned, automatic behavior following a stimulus.
Receiving praise for finishing homework is an example of...
Positive Reinforcement
Grouping numbers like 405-744-5000 into smaller sets makes them easier to remember through...
Chunking.
The Stanford-Binet IQ test assesses the difference between which two factors?
Mental age and chronological age.
What cognitive limitation is the tendency of preoperational thinkers to view the world through their own experiences?
Egocentrism.
Reasoning from specific cases to general principles is known as...
For money to become a primary reinforcer, it would need to...
Satisfy a biological need.
The finding that it is easier to remember items presented at the beginning of a list and at the end of the list is referred to as...
the serial position effect.
The system of rules that determines how words are combined into phrases and how phrases are used to make sentences is called...
Syntax.
Which parenting style combines firm limits with warmth and communication?
Authoritative.
The idea that one general factor underlies intelligence is known as...
Spearman's G.
the process of acquiring a learned connection between a neutral and meaningful stimulus is called...
Acquisition.
George Miller found that short-term memory typically holds how many items?
7 ± 2 items.
Extremely successful scientists are likely to possess an abundance of what type of Sternberg’s types of intelligence?
Analytical.
Researchers compare memory performance of 20-year-olds, 40-year-olds, and 60-year-olds at the same point in time. What experimental design method does this demonstrate?
Cross-sectional design.
A person who can remember their past but cannot form new memories likely has what kind of amnesia?
Anterograde amnesia.
Thorndike’s rule that actions resulting in bad outcomes are less likely to be repeated is known as the...
Law of Effect.
According to Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve, most forgetting occurs when?
Soon after learning, then levels off.
The smallest units of language that carry meaning are called...
Morphemes.
Erikson’s stage of middle adulthood focuses on what internal conflict?
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Your school requires you to change your email password every 3 months. Now, when you try to remember the new password, you can only remember the old one. This effect is most likely due to...
Interference.