Language Development
Cognitive Development
Social Development I
Social Development II
Contexts of Development
Bonus
100
Language is a ___________ code for ___________
Rule-governed (means it has (grammatical) structure, you can’t just say things in any order)
Communication (it’s used to communicate, this is the function)
100
The major accomplishment of the preoperational stage is _________.
Decentration (Answer)
Which means they are able to distance/move away from: Centration = focusing on one thing
100
The __________ tests whether children recognize themselves in a mirror by placing a mark on their face. Most children begin to show mirror self-recognition after about __________ months.
Rouge test; 18
100
Of the three social contexts in which children learn how to behave aggressively (family, peer groups, culture) which is particularly influential in middle childhood?
Peer groups
100
According to Baumrind, what parenting style is undemanding, low on control, with parents often being emotionally distant?
Neglectful parenting style
100
________ aggression achieves a material goal like trying to hit someone to get the toy they currently have whereas _______ aggression has the central intent of causing harm (relational aggression is a subcategory of the latter).
Instrumental; hostile
200
In their perspective of language development, Structuralists focus on _______ & tend to be _______ while Functionalists focus on _______ & tend to be ___________.
Rules (i.e., for forming sentences/past tense); Nativists (believing that language is innate)
Communication (how language is used); Constructivists (looking at how children get from one stage to another)
200
Piaget’s preoperational stage of development is defined by what children are unable to do at this stage. At this stage they have ____________ but they can’t ____________ on those yet.
Children's thinking is not operational thought, they have mental representations but they cant perform operations on those representations yet
200
Studies comparing boys and girls often show a __________, meaning research finding differences is more likely to be published than studies showing no differences. This can create a __________ that boys and girls differ more than they actually do.
File drawer problem; false impression
200
Although rough & tumble play can turn into hurting and hostile aggression, it is not considered aggressive behavior because…
both sides are engaging in it voluntarily and with pleasure & there is no victim most of the time it does not lead to aggression
200
Screen time in childhood can have both negative and positive effects. What are these effects dependent on?
Quality/content (what is being watched?)
Quantity (how much is being watched?)
Context (how is it being watched? Are you watching with your child and explaining it; co-viewing is generally a positive thing)
AGE (educational value for a preschooler isn’t necessarily of educational value for an infant)
200
Sibling relationships are very complex and depend on which 4 factors?
Age gap, gender, temperament, relationship with parents
300
In something called the Wug test, the researcher presents a drawing of a made-up animal called a Wug. The researcher then presents a second Wug. Therefore there are two _______. You are able to understand and manipulate this unfamiliar word due to the concept of ________.
WUGS
Productivity - creative use of language based on knowledge of grammatical rules
300
Some critiques of Piaget and his work include: that children were being underestimated due to his results relying on ______ skills, and that the tasks given were not _______ to the child.
Verbal skills: They are limited by language - have to understand language (the question and be able to verbally explain why)
Meaningful: Making tasks more relevant to their daily lives, you see more cognitive development
300
Social development includes two major processes: __________, which is the process by which children acquire the standards, knowledge, and values of their society and become like others, and __________, which is the process by which children develop their own individual ways of feeling, thinking, and behaving.
Socialization = process by which children acquire the standards knowledge and values of their society, becoming like others
Personality formation = process by which children develop their own individual ways of feeling, thinking and behaving (becoming a unique individual)
300
A social or cultural group’s informal conventions regarding whether, how, and under what circumstances emotions should be expressed is referred to as that group’s _______ ______.
Display rules
300
The textbook mentions that immigrant families may hold different values for family as compared to U.S. born families. One example of this is the value of _________ , (common in Hispanic families) which is described as having a sense of family obligation through loyalty and ongoing support to family.
Familism
300
Once _______ of the child is ensured, most parents hold two additional parenting goals. The goal for children to be able to provide for their own needs when parents are no longer around is ________ whereas the goal for children to share the similar beliefs and values as caregivers is _________.
Survival; economical; cultural
400
What are the five components of language discussed in lecture?
Phonology, Semantics, Grammar (syntax and morphology) and Pragmatics
400
In the Maxi false-belief task, young children watch as Maxi puts his chocolate in one place, and his mother moves it while he’s away. Three-year-olds think Maxi will look where the chocolate really is, but 4- to 5-year-olds correctly predict he’ll look where he last saw it. This task measures a child’s understanding of this concept.
Theory of mind = Ability to reason about others’ mental states
400
__________ biases occur when we see children through a gendered lens and expect certain things from boys and girls. For example, adults may be more likely to notice __________ in boys than in girls.
Observer biases; aggressive behavior
400
This technique involves talking to children and reasoning with them about their behavior and talking with them about the importance of other people’s behaviors/actions (note: this technique works best when combined with affection and with older children who can understand reasoning).
Induction
400
Parents providing genes and an early caregiving environment to their children is considered a ____ effect parents have on their children whereas parents choosing the contexts that children will experience such as the school children go to is considered an _____ effect.
direct; indirect
400
When asked why the sun goes down, a child replies, “because it’s sleepy.” This kind of reasoning, where children link events without understanding true cause and effect, is called this.
Precausal reasoning, characteristic of preoperational stage
500
We often use preferential looking studies to understand babies language comprehension because in children’s language development ___________ generally precedes (comes before) ________.
Comprehension (understanding of language), Production
500
During the preoperational stage, children may believe that people wearing Halloween costumes have actually turned into those characters. This illustrates their difficulty distinguishing between these two concepts.
Confusion between appearance and reality, aka a characteristic of preoperational stage
500
Gender differences can be influenced by __________ factors, such as genetically based differences in temperament or hormones, and by __________ factors, such as parents, teachers, and peers.
Nature; nurture
500
________ _______ refers to non-intentional/reflexive responses such as infants crying to the cries of other human infants. This is the first stage in developing empathy (bonus: what are the other 3 stages)?
Global empathy; egocentric empathy, empathy for another’s feelings, empathy for another’s life condition
500
Setting high standards and limits, but also recognizing the child’s needs/rights and being warm/responsive is considered to be an ________ parenting style whereas controlling children’s behaviors, expecting obedience, and punishing if the child does something that doesn’t align with parents’ expectations is considered to be an _______ parenting style (with WEIRD samples).
Authoritative; authoritarian
500
Parents, teachers, and siblings influence gender socialization, but as children age, __________ become especially powerful in shaping behavior because of social __________.
Peers; rules/pressure to fit in
600
Phonemes are the basic units of sound. ______ are the basic units of meaning. What is the basic unit of meaning/[blank above] for the word “horse”?
Morpheme; “a member of the equine family”
600
When a child nods “yes” while talking on the phone, unaware that the person on the other end can’t see them, they are showing this characteristic described by Piaget.
Egocentrism - centered on own view (think everyone thinks/feels like they do)
600
A __________ is a set of gender-related beliefs based on society’s gender norms. These beliefs influence what children do, pay attention to, and remember.
Gender schema; a set of gender related beliefs based on societies gender norms
600
Exploratory aggression like pulling someone's hair to see what happens tends to occur in _________. Decreasing physical aggression and increasing verbal aggression (more developed form of aggression that requires understanding what can hurt someone with words tends to occur in _______.
Infancy/toddlerhood; early childhood
600
What is the most important indicator of high quality childcare in the U.S. (according to the National Association for the Education of Young Children)?
A high caregiver to child ratio (caregiver: child)
Recommendations are 1 caregiver for every 3 infants and 1 for every 6 toddlers
600
What are the 3 contributing factors to aggression (talked about as theories of aggression in lecture on 10/31)?
Biological, emotional, and social learning
700
Language is a ________ skill as well as a _________ skill.
Social, Cognitive
700
Piaget’s classic conversation tasks (such as the Conservation of Volume Task) demonstrate what three things in children’s thinking at this stage?
Centration - focus on one aspect only
Irreversibility - can’t image reversing the action
Concreteness - bound by perception (appearances)
700
All research comparing differences between genders are __________ studies. Explain why this is the case.
Correlational, Can’t randomly assign participants to gender
700
The idea that aggressive children maintain and perpetuate aggressive behaviors (such as being more likely to interpret peers’ actions as hostile, and believing that aggression is an effective strategy) describes what kind of a bias?
Social cognitive bias
700
What is one positive outcome associated with low SES and one negative outcome associated with high SES
Low SES children tend to be more generous/empathic than high SES children
High SES children may be susceptible to certain behavioral and emotional problems like substance abuse and depression
700
Empathy (sharing another’s feelings) and sympathy (feeling concern for others) are typically associated with what kind of behaviors?
Prosocial behaviors