chapter 10
This nitrogenous base pairs with thymine and forms two hydrogen bonds.
What is adenine?
This process controls whether DNA is transcribed into RNA.
What is transcriptional regulation?
This process creates an extra copy of a gene, allowing one copy to evolve a new function.
What is gene duplication?
This mechanism allows bacteria to directly exchange genetic material between cells.
What is horizontal gene transfer?
This foundational concept describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.
What is the central dogma?
This laboratory technique amplifies a specific DNA sequence using cycles of heating and cooling.
What is PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)?
Proteins that bind specific DNA sequences to regulate gene expression are called these.
What are transcription factors?
This protein family is a classic example of gene duplication and divergence in evolution.
What is hemoglobin?
This laboratory technique measures short RNA fragments to determine which genes are being expressed.
What is RNA sequencing
This enzyme synthesizes RNA from a DNA template during transcription.
What is RNA polymerase?
DNA fragments with a high percentage of these base pairs require higher temperatures to separate.
What are guanine–cytosine (GC) base pairs?
This structural motif, often found in transcription factors, allows them to bind DNA.
What is an alpha-helix?
This type of diagram is used to display evolutionary relationships among species.
What is a phylogenetic tree?
This evolutionary mechanism allows new genes to form by rearranging existing protein-coding segments called domains.
What is exon shuffling?
These adaptor molecules carry specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
What are transfer RNAs (tRNAs)?
This enzyme is known as “DNA scissors” because it cuts DNA at specific sequences.
What is a restriction enzyme?
These DNA regions increase transcription levels by interacting with promoters, even from far away.
What are enhancers?
These two major retrotransposons make up about 25% of the human genome.
What are L1 and Alu elements?
This bacterial system uses a repressor protein to shut off transcription when tryptophan is present.
What is the Trp operon?
This cellular complex degrades unwanted or misfolded proteins to prevent toxic accumulation.
What is the proteasome?
This sequencing method uses fluorescently labeled dideoxynucleotides that terminate DNA strand elongation.
What is Sanger sequencing
Chemical modifications to histones that influence gene expression are known as this.
What is chromatin modification?
DNA elements that can move within or between genomes are called these.
What are mobile genetic elements?
This bacterial system is activated in the presence of lactose and absence of glucose.
What is the Lac operon?
This RNA-processing event removes noncoding sequences and joins exons together to form mature mRNA.
What is RNA splicing?