World War 1
What were the 2 turning points that pushed the US into WW1?
1- Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
2- Zimmerman Telegram
What's the Harlem Renaissance?
increase of African American culture, literature, music, and art, centered in Harlem, NYC, fueled by the Great Migration
What factor caused the Stock Market Crash of 1929?
overextension of credit from the consumer revolution
Who were in the Axis powers and who were the Allied Powers and what did they fight for?
Axis- Germany, Italy, Japan (Fascism)
Allied- United States, UK, Soviet Union (Democracy)
What were Roosevelt's "Four Freedoms"?
He said that American citizens had a right to “freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, freedom from fear.”
What is Roosevelt's "Corollary"?
was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the U.S. had the right to intervene in Latin American nations' internal affairs to maintain economic and political stability.
What is the idea “New Woman” and the “Flapper”?
The new woman/flapper was a young women who had a college education, was adventurous, drank alcohol, smoked cigarettes, listened to jazz music, and worked in "women's work" (secretaries, nurses, teachers, etc)
What New Deal program helped provide the south with electricty?
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)– Public works project builds dams, providing electricity to rural poor across the South
What did the 1935 and 1937 Neutrality Acts do?
prohibited the United States from selling wartime materials, banned private loans by US citizens to nations at war, and required nations to pay cash for and ship any non military purchases
List the push and pull factors of the Great Migration.
pull factors- wartime jobs, letters from friends, greater freedom, higher wages
push factors- flee southern racism (KKK), Jim Crow, crop failures, floods
How did labor expand during the war, and how did this affect labor unions?
Labor increased due to wartime jobs, which caused labor unions to increase, but with a no-strike pledge.
What was the goal of the Second Ku Klux Klan, and who did they target?
was to enforce "100% Americanism" by upholding white supremacy, promoting traditional Protestant Christianity. Targeted Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and communists.
What is the Social Security Act 1935?
collected taxes from workers during their years of employment and then redistributed them to workers nearing the age of retirement
What were the "Zoot Suit Riots"?
White sailors attacked Mexican-American youths in Los Angeles for wearing zoot suits because they found them disrespectful. The attacks lasted for 4 days and banned zoot suits in public.
Explain how WW2 pulled the US out of the Great Depression.
increasing jobs -> decreased unemployment, increasing production, and putting money back into people’s pockets
What is the idea of 100% Americanism and what acts supported this idea?
Extremely heightened patriotism surrounding WWI increased violence towards immigrants and limited freedom of speech (Espionage Act and Sedition Acts).
What is the "Return to Normalcy" campaign?
return to stable pre WW1 life, it focused on isolationism, lower taxes, and reduced government intervention (laissez-faire economics)
What was the Agricultural Adjustment act (AAA) and how did it help farmers?
Farmers are poor because of the overproduction of a variety of commodities, especially cotton.
Congress passed the Agricultural Adjustment act (AAA)- aims to raise prices by reducing overproduction. Too much supply means low demand and low prices. Pays a subsidy to farmers to limit production.
What was the Double V Campaign?
victory against fascism abroad and racial discrimination at home during World War II, demanding equal rights, military integration, and employment opportunities for African Americans, acting as a precursor to the modern Civil Rights Movement.
What are the 18th and 19th Amendments and what’s the significance of them passing during WW1
18th Amendment: prohibition - shutting down distilleries would give more people food (ties prohibition to wartime efforts)
19th Amendment-women's suffrage to reward them for their service during the war (tied to the war)
long drawn out (80 years) amendments finally pass in moment of high patriotism and tied to wartime efforts
What is the Panama Canal, and why was it significant?
manmade shipping canal that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean through the nation of Panama.
significance- The US took control over the construction of the canal and continued to have authority over the canal zone after it opened ->shows the influence of the US foreign power
What was Harding and Coolidges goal with the Return to Normalcy campaign?
The goal was to restore a pre-war "business as usual" environment with lower taxes, less spending, reduced government regulation, and weakened unions (Return to LAISSEZ FAIRE ECONOMICS)
What happened to banks during the Great Depression, and what New Deal acts prevented this from happening again?
Thousands of banks had failed and would never reopen + life savings vanished.
Emergency Banking Act- provide aid to banks and increase federal oversight
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)- insures personal savings in banks, so individuals will not lose savings in event of bank collapse
Explain Korematsu v. United States and why this case was significant.
The Supreme Court ruling that the need for Japanese internment was a "military necessity" during wartime justified the restriction of civil rights, consistent with the violation of civil liberties we have seen in the past. Also, this targeting of Japanese Americans, while German and Italian Americans faced fewer restrictions, highlighted a hypocritical application of liberty and due process during the war.
Why did Roosevelt try to keep white supremacy within the New Deal and give one example as to how?
he had to appeal to southern democrats within congress in order to get new deal legislation to pass.
Examples-
National Recovery Act: separate pay scale for Black workers
Social Security and Fair Standards Act: exclude jobs that A.A are most likely to hold
fails to fully support federal anti-lynching law or a ban on the poll tax
Agricultural Adjustment Act – funds go to landowners, not sharecroppers; many Black sharecroppers kicked off land