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Organelles
Transport
Cytoskeleton
Central Dogma
Cell Junctions
100

What type of cell has membrane-bound organelles?

Eukaryotic Cells

100
An aquaporin is a channel that allows what polar molecule to cross the plasma membrane?

Water

100

Which cytoskeletal structure acts as roads for vesicles to travel on?

Microtubules

100

What is the process of mRNA -> protein called?

Translation is done by ribosomes with the decoding done by tRNA.

100

What cell junction allows for coordinated functions to occur between adjacent cells?

Gap junctions

200

What is the organelle that performs digestion and recycling in the cell?

Lysosome

200

What type of molecule can pass through the membrane without the use of a transport protein?

Small hydrophobic molecules
200

What are the 2 motor proteins that walk vesicles down the microtubules?

Kinesin

Dynein

200

What keeps DNA tightly wrapped and gets modified when DNA needs to be loosened?

Histone Proteins

200

Which cell junction is modified to allow immune cells to squeeze between cells that make up blood vessels?

Tight junctions

300

Where is a protein that does its job in the cytoplasm made?

In ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

300

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

Active transport moves ions against their concentration gradient which requires ATP. Passive transport moves ions with their concentration gradient which does not require ATP

300

Which proteins makes up the following cytoskeletal structures?

Microtubules

Microfilaments

Microtubules are made of tubulin

Microfilaments are made of actin

300

What is the mRNA sequence made from the following DNA sequence?

ATCGTGCGA

UAGCACGCU

300

What are 2 cell junctions in plant cells?

Plasmodesmata that physically connects adjacent plasma membranes.

Pectin that glues together cell walls

400

What macromolecule is made in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Lipids

400

A sodium/potassium pump (Na/K) moves how many sodium ions and potassium ions across a membrane and in what direction?

3 Na+ moves out and 2 K+ moves in

400

How do cilia and flagella lead to cell movement?

Microtubules are arranged in a "9+2" arrangement. The motor protein dynein pulls the microtubules in opposite directions leading to a bending motion that translates to physical movement.

400

In what organelle are lysosomal proton pumps made?

In the Rough ER

400

What type of cytoskeletal structure provides the anchor for desmosomes?

Intermediate filaments

500

Why does the inner membrane of the mitochondria have many folds?

It increases the surface area for ATP production to take place.

500
How does a H+/sucrose cotransporter pump sucrose against its concentration gradient?
A proton pump sets up an ion concentration with high H+ outside of the cell. This potential energy is used to transport sucrose against its concentration gradient when H+ flows quickly into a cell, it brings sucrose with it against its concentration gradient.
500

Which cytoskeletal structure is involved in phagocytosis and how is it invovled?

Actin microfilaments are involved. The actin polymer gets extended to push out the plasma membrane to allow for the immune cell to engulf the bacteria. 

500

Explain all the steps involved in a stem cell recognizing a brain-specific extracellular matrix and then becoming a brain cell.

1. Integrins on the stem cell recognize the brain ECM. 

2. The DNA for brain-specific proteins is loosened.

3. Transcription factors bind to the loosened DNA and recruit RNA Polymerase

4. RNA polymerase make an mRNA copy of the genes.

5. ribosomes translate into brain specific proteins

500

What is pemphigus vugaris?

An autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the desmosomes that hold skin cells together causing sores and blisters all over the skin.