Exam 2 Review: 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11

Development

Learning

Memory

Intelligence

Motivation

Emotion

100

What is a teratogen and what are some examples?

Any harmful agent that can affect the developing fetus

Examples can be stress, alcohol, drugs, tobacco

100

What is learning, according to the first page of Chapter 7? :-)

A relatively enduring change in knowledge and/or behavior resulting from specific experiences

100

Memory is first encoded, then what are the next two steps of the memory process?

Storage and Retrieval

- Storage is keeping it there, and retrieval is finding it when you need it

- Memory is a reconstruction

- Is the computer analogy a good or bad example?

100

What is the difference between concepts and prototypes?

Concepts are mental categories into which we can place people, places, things, events, or ideas that share common characteristics.

An example of a concept or category that is thought to be typical or representative.

100

What is the term for the desire to reduce unpleasant arousal states resulting from basic psychological needs?

Drive

100

What are some examples of basic emotions?

200

After fertilization, what are the other three stages of prenatal development?

1. Zygote

2. Embryo

3. Fetus

(ZEF)

200

Give 3 examples of

1. Primary reinforcers

2. Secondary reinforcers

1. Food, water, sex, air, shelter, pleasure, romantic success

2. Money, status, college degree, paid vacations, music, holiday movies, praise, your grade in this class

Secondary reinforcers have been conditioned to be associated with a primary reinforcer

200

What is the difference between recall and recognition?

Example: Kahoot vs. Jeopardy, Multiple Choice vs Short Answer

200

Explain the following terms

1. Algorithm

2. Trial and Error

3. Heuristic

1. Step by step set of instructions

2. Solutions are eliminated one at a time

3. Mental problem solving shortcuts or "rules of thumb"

200

Motivations have three key characteristics (second page of this chapter)

2. Causes rooted in specific mental states

1. Purpose

2. Causes rooted in specific mental states

3. Intentionality

200

_________ is the psychological and physiological consequence of events that challenge a person's ability to cope, and which threatens their well-interferes with important goals.

Stress

300

1. Describe or give an example of a schema

2. Describe or give an example of assimilation or accommodation

1. Cognitive models that people construct of what the world is and how it works

2. Assimilation = Processing a new experience by adding it into a preexisting schema

Accommodation = Altering a schema to incorporate new information or experiences

300

Identify the type of reinforcement schedule (fixed/variable interval/ratio)

1. When a toddler turns a page every three times, it is rewarded a piece of candy

2. At the end of each month, you are paid your salary

3. When you play a slot machine and pull down the lever, you are rewarded randomly. You could win your first try, you could win on your tenth try.

FIXED = SPECIFIC

VARIABLE = RANDOM/UNPREDICTABLE

INTERVAL = BASED ON TIME

RATIO = BASED ON BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES

1. Fixed ratio

2. Fixed interval

3. Variable ratio

BONUS EXAMPLE: A drug test is an example of a variable interval

300

In the information-processing theory, information first goes to our _____________ memory, then our short-term memory, and finally to our ________ memory.

Sensory memory, Long-term memory

300

What is the largest issue when using heuristics?

Base Rates

300

What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation?

300

What are a few examples of a mood?

Being depressed (mood) on an ongoing and continuous basis

Being sad for 24 hours (emotion)

- A feeling state that is typically less intense than an emotion, but which may last for a much longer time

400

1. In the sensorimotor stage, what important feature(s) develop?

2. In the concrete stage, what important feature(s) develop?

1. Object Permanence

2. Conservation and Theory of Mind

400

Identify what type of operant conditioning is below (positive/negative reinforcement/punishment)

1. After making an A+ on the second exam, you are given $1,000,000 by your parents

2. A car beeps until the seatbelt is fastened

3. For destroying a new couch, you scream at your dog

1. Positive reinforcement

2. Negative reinforcement

3. Positive punishment

BONUS EXAMPLE: A child's iPad is taken away for not doing their chores (negative punishment)

400

Explain what was found in Ebbinghaus's Forgetting Curve discovery

Forgetting follows a pattern according to the passage of time, with most memory according rapidly, and then at a slower pace

400

An alternative to g and IQ, Howard Gardner founded this view to incoporate talents that are socially valued such as athletic ability, musical ability, or the ability to understand one's own emotions and motivations. What theory is this?

Gardner's Theory or Multiple Intelligences

400

What is the difference between instrumental and hostile aggression?

Instrumental has an ultimate purpose other than causing harm to the victim and is often planned.

Hostile has an ultimate purpose of harming the victim. It is generally impulsive and accompanied by emotions, such as anger

500

Explain the Nature vs. Nurture debate

Debate over whether innate biology (nature) or environmental experience (nurture) is the more critical factor in the development of human development.

"Nature via Nurture" is what more scientists are leaning towards, as nature and nurture are both important

500

When Miah gets back to the dormitory after jogging around the campus, he likes to take a quick shower before going to class. One morning while taking a shower he hears someone flushing a nearby toilet. Suddenly, extremely hot water comes rushing out of the showerhead and Miah experiences excruciating pain. After muttering a few obscenities, he continues showering. A few minutes later, Miah hears another toilet flush, and he leaps out of the shower.