Replication
In what direction does replication occur? What are the functional groups found at the ends of the strands of DNA?
5' to 3'
OH group at the 3' end
Phosphate group at the 5' end
Where does transcription take place in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?
Nucleus in eukaryotes and cytoplasm in prokaryotes
______ is used as a template to create _______ in translation.
RNA; proteins
What are the main enzymes in replication?
Helicase, ligase, Topoisomerase, DNA polymerase, DNA primase, Single Stranded Binding Proteins,
Purine to Purine or Pyrimidine to Pyrimidine
How many Origins of Replication are found in Eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?
Multiple in eukaryotes; one in prokaryotes
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA is double stranded, contains thymine and deoxyribose, is semiconservative, antiparallel, and is more stable.
RNA is single stranded, contains uracil and ribose, and is less stable.
Ribosomes catalyze chemical bonds called ____________.
Peptide bonds
A mutation in what gene causes phenylketonuria (PKU)?
Phenylalanine Hydroxylase
What is a transversion mutation?
Purine to Pyrimidine or Pyrimidine to Purine
What are the bonds that hold together a single strand of DNA? What are the bonds that hold both strands together?
Phosphodiester
Hydrogen bonds
True or False: Transcription needs both a primer and promoter.
False; transcription does not require a primer
What is the function of tRNA?
tRNA provides amino acids for the synthesis of proteins.
A mutation in what gene causes albinism?
Tyrosinase
What kind of mutations alter the reading frame?
Deletions and insertions; not the same as INFRAME deletion/insertions
What are Okazaki fragments?
Okazaki fragments are the short fragments of the "lagging strand" that have to be connected together via DNA ligase.
What are the three ways that eukaryotic mRNA is modified/processed?
1. Introns are spliced out
2. 5' Guanosine cap
3. 3' PolyA tail
How are peptide bonds formed?
Peptide bonds are formed via dehydration reactions between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid.
What are ribozymes?
RNA that can also function as enzymes
What is the mutation that results in the premature termination of translation?
Nonsense mutation
What is the semiconservative model?
The semi conservative model allows each strand of parent DNA to serve as a template to create the 2 new daughter DNA strands. Each daughter cell will contain a parent strand and a new strand.
What parts of the eukaryotic genome are transcribed?
Exons AND introns
Where does translation happen in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?
Translation occurs in the cytoplasm via ribosomes for both organisms.
Ribosomes
What is a missense mutation?