Macromolecules
What is the difference between an aldose and a ketose?
One has an aldehyde (carbonyl at the end of the fischer projection with an H attached to carbon)
One has a ketone (carbonyl in the middle, with 2 carbons attached to carbonyl carbon)
What is the primary structure of an amino acid?
The specific chain of polypeptides (the residues that make up the polypeptide)
BONUS DAILY DOUBLE
Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide. and the linkage used to link nucleotides together
Phosphate-Sugar-Nitrogenous Base
Phosphodiester Bonds
What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
It finishes off cell products, packages them, and sends them where they need to go.
What is the process by which molecules distribute themselves evenly within an area?
Diffusion
Is Maltose a monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide?
Disaccharide
What are the 4 groups attached to the central carbon of an amino acid?
Amino group (NH3), Hydrogen (H), Carboxyl Group (COO(H)), R Group (R)
Name 2 things a Eukaryotic cell has that a prokaryotic cell does not.
A true nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, Linear Chromosomes, cilia, etc.
DAILY DOUBLE
Where are ribosomes assembled?
Nucleolus
Channel proteins such as ion channels are used to transport molecules across cell membranes. What is this process called.
Facilitated Diffusion
What is the difference between alpha-glucose and beta-glucose?
The location of the 1-C hydroxyl group (whether it's above or below the ring structure)
Name 2 structures associated with secondary structure in proteins.
Alpha helices and Beta pleated sheets
A living plant cell placed in a hypotonic solution will become...
Turgid
Which 2 organelles are thought to have originated as unicellular prokaryotes before becoming organelles? Why?
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts (they each have their own circular genome, have their own ribosomes, and make some of their own proteins.)
Why does active transport require an input of energy?
You must go against what is spontaneously favored in the environment (delta G is positive without putting energy in).
Polymerization reactions of monomers involve what kind of reaction?
Dehydration synthesis reaction (condensation reaction)
What defines the tertiary structure of a protein?
intermolecular reactions such as hydrogen bonds, van der waals interactions, hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges
Name 2 functions of the Smooth ER.
Calcium storage, detoxification, and lipid synthesis
What is the function of a lysosome?
To use hydrolytic enzymes to break down damaged/old organelles, absorbed substances and other stuff within the cell such as macromolecules
Is cotransport passive or active? How does it work?
Cotransport requires the active transport of some molecule outside the cell membrane and allowing it to passively diffuse back into the cell WITH some other molecule at the same time.
Come up to the board and Draw a Saturated fat and an unsaturated fat. Explain why one is saturated and the other is not. Explain how you can remember this.
There should be at least 1 double bond in the unsaturated fat. The way you can remember this is to think of the "saturation" relative to hydrogens on each carbon in the fatty acid tails. If each carbon has the most hydrogens it can have, it will be "saturated" with carbons. If it does not (and has a double bond), it is "unsaturated"
DAILY DOUBLE
In which groups do the 3 following amino acids belong?
Glycine, Aspartate, Threonine
(Drawn on Board)
Nonpolar, Acidic, Polar
Describe osmosis.
It takes place when water diffuses across a membrane such that the concentration of solute on each side of the membrane is equal.
What are the 3 structures that make up the cytoskeleton?
Intermediate filaments, microtubules, and microfilaments
What is the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?
Phagocytosis is cell eating, and pinocytosis is cell drinking. Phagocytosis picks up a food particle (or some other particle) within a food vacuole or sac. Pinocytosis engulfs extracellular fluid and molecules within the fluid.