Piaget
Baby Mackenzie was participating in the Piaget blanket and ball study. Although at one time she had trouble selecting the blanket that the ball was underneath, she no longer struggles with this and seems to have mastered the idea of object permanence. According to Piaget, which stage of development is she at the end of?
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
Sensorimotor
If an adult sees the world as “black and white”, thinking people are either your friends or your enemies, they are engaging in
Postformal reasoning
Dualistic thinking
Relativistic thinking
Reflective judgement
Dualistic thinking
In the Information Processing System, what would be considered the proper series of steps for information to be stored in one’s long-term memory?
Incoming information, working memory, sensory memory, encoding, long-term memory
Sensory memory, incoming information, working memory, encoding, long-term memory
Incoming information, sensory memory, working memory, encoding, long-term memory
Incoming information, sensory memory, working memory, long-term memory, encoding
Incoming information, sensory memory, working memory, encoding, long-term memory
Madison is a high-achieving individual who recently received a job promotion for her outstanding job performance. What IQ score is she likely to have?
85
100
115
Cannot be determined based on the information provided
115
The development of infant attention is thought to be closely related to neurological development in the areas underlying attentional control. In response to tasks that challenge attention, infants show activity in the _______, that is used for thinking and planning.
Prefrontal cortex (organizing thoughts, focusing attention)
Cerebellum (regulates motor movements)
Frontal cortex (thinking and planning)
Striatum (facilitates voluntary movement)
frontal cortex (thinking and planning)
Dr. Wood’s son Henry previously thought that families had to have a mother and a father. Upon learning that his friend had two moms, Henry’s schema of family structure changed. According to Piaget, this is an example of
Assimilation
Accomodation
Adaptation
Cognitive equilibrium
Accomodation
Vygotsky’s cognitive developmental approach differed from Piaget’s in that Vygotsky’s approach involved
Conservation tasks
Different stages of development
Reversibility
A cultural perspective
A cultural perspective
The ______ paradigm provides an experimental example of how infants are more likely to remember events that are associated with ______
Silent-face; mood
Still-face; emotion
Silent-face; emotion
Still-face; development
still-face; emotion
According to the Flynn effect, as compared to his grandfather, Tom (an adolescent) should
Score higher on the Bayley Scale
Score higher on the Wechsler Scale
Score lower on the Bayley Scale
Score lower on the Wechsler Scale
Score higher on the Wechsler Scale
Between ages 3 and 7, children show increasing _______ because the development of this leads to advances in response inhibition, the ability to withhold a behavioral response inappropriate in the current context, and this increases children’s capacity for self-regulation—controlling their thought and behavior. Choose the BEST response.
Prefrontal cortex engagement
Frontal cortex engagement
Spatial memory development
Processing speed
Prefrontal cortex engagement
Baby John is participating in research to evaluate his understanding of object permanence. He sees two events, one where a book is pushed off a table and falls while the other book suspends in the air. John looks longer at the book that was suspended in the air, which means he is aware of physical properties of objects. This is an example of what research method?
Impossible test
Reflexive activity
Deferred-Imitation Task
Violation of expectation tasks
Violation of expectation tasks
Katie is in Piaget’s preoperational stage of development. A researcher shows Katie a bunch of flowers with five daisies and three roses. The researcher asks, “Are there more daisies or more flowers?” What is Katie likely to say?
There are more roses than flowers.
There are more flowers than daisies.
There are more daisies than flowers.
Preoperational children do not have the language skills needed to respond to this question.
there are more daisies than flowers.
Though Luana knows all of the answers to the questions her history teacher is asking, she is able to refrain from raising her hand every time. This is an example of ______, which is explained by the increasing control over our cognitive system that we experience during adolescence.
Response regulation
Response inhibition
Regulated inhibition
Real regulation
Response inhibition
Some psychology courses require memorizing terms. Dr. Wood’s tests involve transferring knowledge learned in class to novel situations. In other words, these exams tap...
Crystallized intelligence
Fluid intelligence
A combination of fluid and crystallized intelligence
g
Fluid intelligence
In adolescents, the structure of the prefrontal cortex changes with decreases in ________ and increases in _________, and cognition becomes markedly more efficient.
White matter, gray matter
Dura mater, pia mater
Gray matter, white matter
Pia mater, dura mater
gray matter, white matter
“See my picture?” Carolina asks as she holds up a blank sheet of paper. Mrs. King answers, “You can see your picture, but I can’t. Turn your page around so that I can see your picture. There it is! It’s beautiful,” she proclaims after Carolina flips the piece of paper, permitting her to see the drawing. Carolina did not realize that even though she could see her drawing, Mrs. King could not. The mistake Carolina made is known as what?
Animism
Egocentrism
Irreversibility
Centration
Egocentrism
When a young adult is finally able to be aware of emotions, express positive and negative emotions when it comes to certain issues, and have the ability to use logical decisions about complicated or complex issues, they are engaging in what?
reflective judgment
Dualistic thinking
Cognitive-affective complexity
Scaffolding
Cognitive-affective complexity
Phillip is participating in a research study looking into the difference in long-term memory encoding in children. During this study, the researcher continually asks her questions such as, “when was the first time you flew in a plane?”, “what did you eat for breakfast today?”, and “how was your first trip to Disneyland?” The researcher is asking questions that gauge Philip’s _____ memory
Episodic
Recognition
Recall
Script
episodic
Scarlett had never tried to solve a physics problem, but when presented one, she was able to find a way to figure out the correct answer. By being able to solve a novel problem, Scarlett may be high in
Analytical intelligence
Applied intelligence
Creative intelligence
Crystallized intelligence
Creative intelligence
As Sadie approaches the age of 80, her family has noticed that her reaction time when driving has slowed. For example, she takes longer to hit the brakes than she used to, which has led to a few fender benders. Based on information learned in this class, which of these best explains Sadie's increased reaction times?
loss of neurons in the cerebellum
loss of white matter and myelinated connections between brain regions
increased neural debris, which builds up in the brains of older individuals
increased gray matter, leads to inefficient connections between neurons
loss of white matter and myelinated connections between brain regions
Tristan is an 8th grader who is having a very hard time at school today. Last night, a new pimple erupted on her chin. No matter where she goes, she is sure that her classmates are staring at her chin and talking behind her back about how nasty and crusty is looks. According to researcher David Elkind, Tristen is experiencing... (choose the BEST/most specific response.)
imaginary audience
personal fable
formal operational thinking
adolescent egocentrism
imaginary audience
Which statement is most consistent with the core knowledge theory of children's cognition? (choose the BEST answer).
Babies accumulate information about the world rapidly, as they interact with objects and people.
Young children's knowledge about different domains is stored in specific regions of the brain.
Babies are born with a rudimentary understanding of certain domains of knowledge, as well as an ability to quickly learn rules about those domains
Ellie is a 69-year-old native English speaker. Over the years, she has narrowed the range of leisure tasks she engages in, and spends more time on the ones she really enjoys. For example, she spends hours each week poring over French novels, and is finally mastering some aspects of the language and literary interpretation. This scenario best illustrates
expertise
selective optimization with compensation
creativity
wisdom
selective optimization with compensation
Cadence, an African American female math major, is very anxious about an upcoming linear algebra exam. She is worried that if she does poorly on the test, her professor will view her performance as confirmation of negative stereotypes about Black students' academic ability. Cadence is experiencing...
a self-fulfilling prophecy
confirmation bias
stereotype threat
a lack of achievement motivation
stereotype threat
There are a lot of neurological changes that can underlie intelligence. List 3 of these changes that would be positively correlated with intelligence, for example, having a high IQ.
Brain volume, Cortical thickness, Increased gray and white matter, Developed frontal/prefrontal and parietal cortices, Interconnectivity between brain regions