Development
An optimal time period within which certain events need to take place to foster healthy development.
what is a critical period?
(briefly define each)
Antecedent - what happens before the behavior
Behavior - the behavior that is occurring (has to pass the Dead Man's Test)
Consequence - what follows the behavior
A ratio is a percentage while intervals are numbers
ratio: 75%
interval: 5 minutes
The gateway to short-term memory.
What is attention? Filters out loads of unnecessary clutter to focus on important and salient information.
the information that inhabits the conscious mind
What is short-term memory?
first stage of cognitive development, occurring from birth to approximately age two, in which babies learn about the world through their senses and actions.
BONUS: Which psychologist developed these states of development?
What is the sensorimotor stage?
Who is Piaget?
subfield of Psychology that focused exclusively on the relationship between behavior and environmental events.
What is behaviorism?
Explain the difference between a positive reinforcement and a negative punishment
positive reinforcement - give something desirable to increase behavior (a sticker is given to 1st graders when they turn in their papers to the tray)
negative punishment - take something desirable away to decrease punishment (taking a teen's phone if they don't clean their room)
The relationship between an environmental event and a biologicallay inherited physiological response
What is a reflex?
Working memory contains both __________ and ____________.
storage; processing
The principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape; think logically and concretely about things.
What is conservation?
the father of behaviorism
Who is John B Watson?
Thorndike's Law of Effect using the puzzle box was an example of
What is operant conditioning?
Describe the Little Albert Study.
Albert was a 9-month-old baby who had not previously demonstrated any fear of rats. Watson placed a rat in front of Albert, who reacted with curiosity and no sign of fear. He then began making a loud noise behind the baby by pounding on a steel bar with a hammer on several separate occasions while showing Albert the rat. Albert cried in reaction to the noise and, after a period of conditioning, cried in response to the rat even without the loud noise. When presented with the other animals, he also responded with varying degrees of fear despite not ever hearing the loud noise when presented with those animals.
The transformation of real-world energy such as light and sound into an electrical code that can be stored and processed by the brain.
What is encoding?
The awareness that objects continue to exist when not seen.
Bonus (200 points): which stage of development is this an "issue?"
What is object permanence?
Sensorimotor
Pavlovian conditioning is another term used for
Classical conditioning
A previously neutral stimulus that begins to elicit the unconditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
What is a conditioned stimulus?
the technique of putting a problem behavior on extinction while adding positive reinforcement
What is differential reinforcement?
If someone was learning how to sew, what type of memory would this be?
Procedural - memories that often can’t be expressed in words but are memory for “how to” do something.”
The reflex that occurs after the sole of the foot has been firmly stroked. The big toe then moves upward or toward the top surface of the foot.
What is the Babinski reflex?
The reappearance of the conditioned response after some time has passed since the last extinction trial
What is spontaneous recovery?
Explain the difference between generalization and discrimination.
When should punishment be used?
As a last resort
If you are actively thinking about something that happened as a child, that memory would be in your _________ memory
Short-term --> retrieved from your long term and brought