Social Perception
________ is defined as how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people.
A. Attribution Theory
B. Social Perception
C. Social Inference
D. Social Encoding
B. Social Perception
According to our textbook, Western countries tend to have a(n) ___ view of the self, whereas many Asian and other non-Western countries have a(n) _____ view of the self
A. responsible; individualized
B. achievement; cultural
C. independent; interdependent
D. interdependent; individualized
C. independent; interdependent
Which of the following is NOT a typical way of reducing cognitive dissonance?
a. Forgetting about our past statements that contradict our behavior
b. Changing our behavior to bring it into line with dissonant cognitions
c. Justifying our behavior by changing dissonant cognitions
d. Justifying our behavior by adding new cognitions
a. Forgetting about our past statements that contradict our behavior
Why are affectively based attitudes resistant to logical attempts at persuasion? Affectively based attitudes are
A. Often linked to values, which are difficult to change
B. Guided by facts and logic
C. Governed by our knowledge of the issues
D. Informed by our behaviors
A. Often linked to values, which are difficult to change
________ conformity is to the desire to be right as ________ conformity is to the desire to be liked.
A. Normative; informational
B. Mindless; normative
C. Informational; mindless
D. Informational; normative
D. Informational; normative
When we make self-serving attributions, we tend to attribute our successes to ________ factors and our failures to ________ factors.
A. internal; external
B. uncontrollable; controllable
C. unstable; stable
D. inconsistent; consistent
A. internal; external
According to the authors of your text, introspection may not be an especially useful source of information about the self because people
A. may not be consciously aware of the reasons for our behavior.
B. cannot be at once the observer and the object observed.
C. are driven by unconscious self-enhancing motives.
D. know that introspection uses up valuable cognitive resources.
A. may not be consciously aware of the reasons for our behavior.
Of the following, how are individuals most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance?
A. By pretending they did not perform a particular behavior.
B. By reducing their total number of cognitions.
C. By adding new cognitions that are consistent with their behavior.
D. By decreasing their arousal.
C. By adding new cognitions that are consistent with their behavior.
Affectively based attitudes are more likely to be persuaded by ____ advertisements.
A. subliminal
B. behavioral
C. fact-based
D. emotional
D. emotional
To avoid _______, people will agree with a second, even unattractive, request as part of the foot-in-the-door technique.
A. propaganda
B. informational conformity
C. the boomerang effect
D. dissonance
D. dissonance
Belief in a just world is a ______, which helps people _______.
A. Biased attribution; excuse their failures
B. Defensive attribution; explain away their failures
C. Fundamental attribution error; protect their self-esteem
D. Defensive attribution; view life as safe, orderly, and predictable
D. Defensive attribution; view life as safe, orderly, and predictable
Schachter's (1964) two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we first experience ________ and then subsequently seek to ________.
A. physiological arousal; label the emotion appropriately
B. compunction; reduce cognitive dissonance
C. cognitive dissonance; label the emotion appropriately
D. physiological arousal; reduce self-awareness
A. physiological arousal; label the emotion appropriately
According to dissonance theorists, what is the problem with severe punishment to control behaviors?
A. Severe punishment leads to frustration.
B. Severe punishment models inappropriate behavior that is then learned.
C. Severe punishment serves as an external justification for behavior change.
D. Severe punishment undermines extrinsic motivation.
C. Severe punishment serves as an external justification for behavior change.
Which of the following is NOT a basis for attitudes?
A. Affective
B. Cognitive
C. Biological
D. Behavioral
C. Biological
Research shows that conformity is not always required of group members. If a member of your group occasionally deviates from the group and the group doesn't impose negative consequences, the individual has used some of his/her ________.
A. idiosyncrasy credits
B. descriptive norms
C. propaganda
D. power
A. idiosyncrasy credits
According to research presented in this chapter, we typically use two steps in making attributions. The first step involves ________, and the second step involves ________.
A. anchoring on the situation; adjusting for the person
B. forming an internal attribution; seeking out distinctiveness information
C. seeking consistency information; seeking distinctiveness information
D. forming an internal attribution; adjusting for the situation
D. forming an internal attribution; adjusting for the situation
According to the authors of your text, introspection may not be an especially useful source of information about the self because people
A. may not be consciously aware of the reasons for our behavior
B. cannot be at once the observer and the object observed
C. are too biased
D. are consciously aware of the motives behind their behavior
A. may not be consciously aware of the reasons for our behavior
According to the authors of your text, threats of severe punishment ultimately teach people __________.
A. that crime doesn’t pay
B. to avoid getting caught
C. to obey the rules
D. to distrust authority
B. to avoid getting caught
People are most likely to form behaviorally based attitudes when the initial attitude is ________ and there are no ________ justifications for the behavior.
A. weak or ambiguous; external
B. weak or ambiguous; internal
C. strong and clear; external
D. strong and clear; internal
A. weak or ambiguous; external
Milgram's studies on obedience to authority violated several ethical principles. These include all of the following EXCEPT
A. no true informed consent.
B. no debriefing period.
C. deception.
D. inflicted insight.
B. no debriefing period.
Belief perseverance is likely a result of _______ thinking.
A. controlled social thinking
B. automatic social thinking
C. counterfactual reasoning
D. self-fulfilling prophecy
B. automatic social thinking
All of the following statements about self-awareness are true EXCEPT that
A. self-awareness can foster adherence to moral standards.
B. people always find self-focus aversive.
C. self-focus leads people to attend to discrepancies between their behavior and their standards.
D. people attempt to escape aversive self-awareness through activities such as drinking and watching television.
B. people always find self-focus aversive.
Based on information provided by your text, external justification is to _____ as internal justification is to _____
A. temporary change; lasting change
B. temporary change; large reward
C. small reward; lasting change
D. small reward; no reward
A. temporary change; lasting change
People tend to be less aware of their ________ attitudes, which are more likely to influence behaviors they are not monitoring.
A. explicit
B. cognitively based
C. implicit
D. self-perceived
C. implicit
People are motivated to impose clear definitions on ambiguous situations. All of the following processes EXCEPT ________ are used to resolve ambiguity of information.
A. schematic processing
B. making attributions
C. informational social influence
D. dissonance reduction
D. dissonance reduction