Motor Programs
________ is a stored motor plan in the brain that controls a class of similar movements rather than a single specific movement.
Generalized Motor Program
This describes the tendency for performers to trade speed for accuracy
Fitts’ Law
A method of understanding behavior by focusing on individual differences and abilities.
Differential method
A set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent gains in the capability for skilled performance.
Motor Learning
Who was the golfer in "learning to win from losing?"
Michelle Wie
_____ _____: core characteristics that do not change. Define the structure of the movement pattern.
Invariant features
Provide 2 "real world" examples of speed and accuracy trade-off law. Use exmaples from computers and automobiles.
Mouse Pointers & Buttons, Touchscreen Keyboards
Car Dashboard Controls, Steering Wheel Buttons
A characteristic that underlies particular skills, is largely inherited genetically and is not modifiable by practice
Ability
Performance can be influenced by temporary factors such as... (4)
Motivation, fatigue, focus and enviornment
Define movement redundancy in your own words (websites and silly walks).
We possess a central nervous system that uses many redundancies and modes of control to find and optimize solutions. Humans have vast flexibility in the way they solve motor problems.
__________: Things that can change. The brain can
adjust these to adapt the movement.
Examples of these include:
Overall speed, Total force, Muscles used, Movement amplitude
Parameters
This describes the effects of movement time and distance when errors are made
Schmidt’s Law
All motor performances are based on a single ability. The all-around athlete is one who possesses a single capability that underlies motor performance. This refers to what hypothesis?
General Motor Ability Hypothesis
During practice, there are many alterations to the central nervous system, which some refer to as ______ _______, where the term ________ refers to a brain that is changeable under various conditions.
brain plasticity, plasticity.
What is an example of a zero-sum game?
Chess or checkers.
Zero-sum training is simply the concept that every minute engaged in an ineffective method of practice is equal to a minute that could have been spent in a more effective method of practice. Quite simply, the ineffective method of practice is doubly ineffective because it wastes one hour of the learner’s time, reducing by one hour the amount of time that could have been spent in more effective practice.
________ ________:A generalized motor program can produce the same movement pattern even when different muscles or limbs perform it.
Effector independence
The target circle surrounded by ring of _____ circles is perceived to be larger than the target circle surrounded by the ring of ______ circles.
small, large
The example that running speed and skating speed are unrelated relates to what hypothesis?
Henry's Specificity Hypothesis
The _______ _____ ________ says that improvements are rapid at first and much slower later—a nearly universal principle of practice.
Law of practice
Define the term "degrees of freedom" in your own words.
The number of independently moving parts or segments within a system that must be controlled to perform a task.
Because the human motor control system has so many moving parts, the central nervous system must find ways to organize them efficiently so that coordination is not overwhelmingly difficult
What was the phrase that you wrote during Lab 5.2?
able was I ere I saw Elba
Self-initiated and reactive movements use ______ ______ _________. May explain why ________ patients have more difficulty in self-initiating movements than responding to the environmental stimuli.
Different neural pathways. Parkinson
The Gamma Experiment demonstrates what?
This demonstration indicates that, even with separate programs for producing a V and Gamma (temporal structures), these programs cannot be executed independently at the same time.
What is the difference between a theoretical true score and an observed score?
Observed score: a measurable, visible outcome of a specific attempt at a skill. It represents a single observation or a statistical summary of attempts, such as a golf score or a bowling average.
Theoretical True Score: an individual's unobservable capability to perform a skill at a certain level. It represents learning, which is a stable and relatively permanent improvement in skill resulting from practice.
Who was the first woman to compete in a men’s PGA event?
Babe Zaharias