Chromosomal Rearrangements
This rearrangement occurs when a chromosome segment flips and reinserts in reverse orientation.
What is an inversion
This type of mutation changes a single base but does not alter the amino acid sequence.
What is a silent mutation
This Mendelian principle states that alleles for different traits separate independently during gamete formation.
What is the law of independent assortment
In this gene interaction, the expression of one gene masks the effect of another at a different locus.
What is epistasis
In a Punnett square, this is the expected genotypic ratio for a cross between two heterozygous individuals.
What is 1:2:1
This type of chromosomal change results in the loss of genetic material.
What is a deletion
This DNA repair process removes bulky, helix-distorting lesions like thymine dimers.
What is nucleotide excision repair
This principle explains why a heterozygous organism will display the dominant trait.
This term refers to the proportion of individuals with a specific genotype who actually express the expected phenotype.
What is penetrance
In a dihybrid cross between AaBb x AaBb, this is the expected genotypic ratio for offspring showing both dominant traits.
What is 9/16
This structural rearrangement involves exchange between two non-homologous chromosomes.
What is a reciprocal translocation
This mechanism repairs double-strand breaks but may introduce errors due to lack of a template.
What is non-homologous end joining
This principle involves the separation of paired alleles during meiosis.
What is the law of segregation
When a gene’s effect varies in degree among individuals with the same genotype, this is being observed.
What is expressivity
This X-linked inheritance pattern shows up more frequently in males than females.
What is X-linked recessive
This rare type of fusion combines two acrocentric chromosomes near their centromeres.
A purine replaced by a pyrimidine is an example of this specific point mutation.
What is a transversion
This term describes when one allele is not completely dominant over another, producing an intermediate phenotype.
What is incomplete dominance
A 9:7 phenotypic ratio typically results from this type of gene interaction.
What is complementary gene interaction
In a pedigree, if a trait appears in every generation, it is most likely this type of trait.
What is dominant
This process can result in gene duplication when homologous chromosomes misalign during crossing over.
What is unequal crossing over
This term describes the spontaneous loss of a purine base from the DNA backbone.
This condition is revealed when multiple alleles at a single locus affect a phenotype with no dominance hierarchy.
What is codominance
This form of dominant gene interaction produces a 12:3:1 phenotypic ratio in dihybrid crosses.
What is dominant epistasis
This term refers to the phenomenon when one copy of a normal allele is insufficient to produce a wild-type phenotype.
What is haploinsufficiency