Vision
What part of the eye is responsible for converting light into neural activity?
Retina
What is the "magic number" and what type of memory is it related to?
The magic number in Short Term memory is 7 plus or minus two
If a child fails Piaget's conservation task (seeing 2 glasses of liquid with equal amounts as different amounts), what stage are they in?
Preoperational
They focus on the most obvious feature of an object.
Our perception of the world is a direct translation of sensory information.
FALSE: we use other information besides sensory to interpret the world
What is encoding specificity?
We remember information better when the encoding environment is the same as the retrieval environment.
Describe how the function of rods and cones differ.
Cones are receptor cells that help us see color and rods help us see in dim light(shapes and outlines).
Explain the difference between retroactive and proactive interference.
Proactive interference is when old information makes it hard to remember new information and retroactive is when new information makes it hard to remember old information.
Every time Jaxon's dog leaves the room he cries because he thinks she's gone forever. What aspect of the sensorimotor stage has Jaxon probably not developed yet?
Object permanence (which is connected to developing mental representations)
Lucy has anterograde amnesia and cannot make new memories. Her error in not being able to move information from short term memory to long term memory, which is called the Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
FALSE
- Lucy has encoding failure. She cannot "encode" information from short term memory to long term memory. This is the same condition as Clive Wearing.
- The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is when we know something but we have difficulty retrieving the information from our long term memory.
What does the cocktail party effect show we are able to do?
We can attend to specific words from distant conversations. In other words, it shows we are selective with our hearing.
Explain how the fovea (central part of the retina) is related to acuity.
The fovea is the part of the eye that allows us to focus on things. So, the fovea is responsible for how sharp our vision is, which is acuity.
Why are HM and Clive Wearing important to memory research?
HM and Clive Wearing had brain damage in specific areas that allowed researchers to determine which brain structures, such as the hippocampus, were important for memory.
What is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?
In assimilation a child uses new information to reorganize their original beliefs. In accommodation, they are willing to use the new information to reshape their beliefs.
Sensation is the brains interpretation of raw sensory inputs
FALSE - Perception is the brains interpretation of raw sensory inputs
Sensation is the detection of physical energy by sense organs, which then send information to the brain
Cameron wants to do well on their final exam. Previously, Cameron would repeat information over and over again to study. This was not the most effective method. So, to improve their studying, Cameron now relates the class material to his previous knowledge and thinks deeply about its meaning. What type of memory rehearsal is Cameron using to study?
Elaborative rehearsal
Robbie is testing his eyesight. He can see a candle flame from 30 miles away at least 50% of the time, however, he cannot see the flame at all when it is placed 31 miles away. Thus, 30 miles is when Robbie's eyes detect the stimulus. Placing the candle 30 miles away is the smallest amount of light Robbie can detect, which means that is his ________
Absolute Threshold
Share an example of episodic and semantic memory with the class and explain why those memories fit into their specific category.
Episodic:memory about your life.
Semantic:memory of known facts.
What are the 4 stages of Piaget's theory of development? *MUST SAY IN ORDER*
1. Sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operations
4. formal operations
As an 8th month only baby, Tobi was very attached to his mother and did not want to be separated from her. This attachment continued into Tobi's toddler years and was notable when he began preschool. Tobi would cry every time his mom would drop him off for school. Tobi was experiencing separation anxiety.
TRUE - Separation anxiety is when a child experiences anxiety when separated from a parent or guardian. The length of a child's separation anxiety can vary.
After hearing a funny sound, Katie wanted to make it for her sister. For the rest of the day she kept repeating this sound to herself out loud. What kind of memory rehearsal was Katie doing?
Maintenance rehearsal
Name and describe 3 out of the 6 Gestalt principles of perception.
Proximity, Similarity, Continuity, Closure, Symmetry, Figure-ground
Come to the board and draw the memory model system. Include LTM, STM, Sensory Memory, sensory input, maintenance rehearsal, encoding, and attention
Terms: Sensory input, sensory memory, attention, STM, maintenance rehearsal, encoding, LTM
Describe Harlow's experiment with Rhesus monkeys.
Harlow placed baby monkeys with two surrogate mothers. One mother was created from wire and the other created from cloth. The baby monkeys preferred the comfort and warmth of the cloth mother.
Jordan visited his classmate at their apartment to study for their exam. Jordan noticed that there was a strong floral smell to their friend's apartment. Jordan's nose soon adjusted to the smell of the apartment, and the floral scent was no longer noticeable. This is an example of Just Noticeable Difference.
FALSE -
Correct answer is sensory adaptation. Sensory adaptation is when sensory activation is strongest when a stimulus is first detected.
Just Noticeable Difference is the smallest change in a stimulus that we can detect.
Explain the opponent process theory and how it relates to afterimages.
This theory describes how we perceive colors in three pairs of opponents(red/green, blue/yellow, black/white). It explains why after staring at an image for along time and then looking away, it causes you to see the same image in a complementary color.