Ch 4: Individual Values, Perceptions, and Reactions
Karem, a surgeon, works himself too hard and eventually passes out in the middle of an operation. This is which consequence of stress?
a. Behavioral
b. Psychological
c. Medical
d. Organizational
a. Behavioral
b. Psychological
c. Medical
d. Organizational
In the job performance equation P = M × A × E, which variable reflects the employee's desire to do the job well?
a. P
b. M
c. A
d. E
Job Performance= Motivation * Ability * Environment
a. P
b. M
c. A
d. E
Steve works 10 hours a day, 4 days a week, and has Friday through Sunday off. What has his organization most likely implemented?
a. Flextime
b. A compressed work schedule
c. An extended work schedule
d. Job sharing
a. Flextime
b. A compressed work schedule
c. An extended work schedule
d. Job sharing
What is the Halo Effect?
The halo effect is when we form a general impression about something or someone based on a single (typically good) characteristic.
Give an example of an Intrinsic and an Extrinsic work value.
Intrinsic work values relate to the work itself (challenging job that continues to make you learn!)
Extrinsic work values are related to the outcomes of doing work (money, health benefits)
Alana hates her job as a hedge fund manager, but her boyfriend loves her for her money, and she's afraid she'll lose him if she quits. Alana stays with her job due to which form of commitment?
a. Affective
b. Normative
c. Continuance
d. Engagement
a. Affective
b. Normative
c. Continuance
d. Engagement
A key component of Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs is that
a. multiple needs in the hierarchy must be worked on at once.
b. each need in the hierarchy must be fulfilled before the next one can be worked on.
c. once a need in the hierarchy is fulfilled, it is never relevant again.
d. once a person fulfills the top need in the hierarchy, they start over at the bottom.
a. multiple needs in the hierarchy must be worked on at once.
b. each need in the hierarchy must be fulfilled before the next one can be worked on.
c. once a need in the hierarchy is fulfilled, it is never relevant again.
d. once a person fulfills the top need in the hierarchy, they start over at the bottom.
Which approach to job design involves combining multiple jobs into one position to increase variety and challenge?
a. Job enrichment
b. Job enlargement
c. Job rotation
d. Job sharing
a. Job enrichment
b. Job enlargement
c. Job rotation
d. Job sharing
What is Cognitive Dissonance?
Cognitive dissonance is an incompatibility or conflict between behavior and an attitude or between two different attitudes.
Give an Example of someone with:
Low Consistency
Low Distinctiveness
High Consensus
Consistency: Has the person regularly behaved this way or experienced this outcome in the past?
Distinctiveness: Does the person act the same way or receive similar outcomes in different types of situations? Low distinctiveness occurs when the person frequently acts in a certain way or receives certain outcomes and leads to internal attributions.
Consensus: Would others behave similarly in the same situation or receive the same outcome?
Happiness and wealth are examples of which types of values?
a. Instrumental
b. Terminal
c. Intrinsic work
d. Extrinsic work
a. Instrumental
b. Terminal
c. Intrinsic work
d. Extrinsic work
According to which reward schedule does the desired behavior reinforce after a specified number of correct responses?
a. Fixed-ratio
b. Fixed-interval
c. Variable-ratio
d. Variable-interval
a. Fixed-ratio
b. Fixed-interval
c. Variable-ratio
d. Variable-interval
Performance Appraisals should do all of the following EXCEPT:
Measures and evaluates an employee's work behaviors and performance by comparing them with previously established standards,
Documents the results
Communicates the results to the employee.
Incentivize the employee
Measures and evaluates an employee's work behaviors and performance by comparing them with previously established standards,
Documents the results
Communicates the results to the employee.
Incentivize the employee
Define Procedural Fairness
Procedural fairness addresses the fairness of the procedures used to generate the outcome (e.g., what rules were followed, whether people had the opportunity to express opinions and influence the outcome, etc.
Give an example of the two types of affectivity
Positive affectivity
Negative affectivity
Jennifer, a wedding planner, plans too many weddings in a row without a break and starts to experience stress. She feels depressed and has a hard time falling asleep. Jennifer is experiencing which type of consequence of stress?
a. Behavioral
b. Psychological
c. Medical
d. Organizational
a. Behavioral
b. Psychological
c. Medical
d. Organizational
No longer laughing at a coworker's inappropriate jokes so that they will stop telling them is an example of what?
a. Positive reinforcement
b. Negative reinforcement
c. Punishment
d. Extinction
a. Positive reinforcement
b. Negative reinforcement
c. Punishment
d. Extinction : involves the removal of other reinforcement (positive or negative) following the incidence of the behavior to be extinguished to decrease the likelihood of that behavior being repeated
Evaluate the following exchange between Tyler and Gabriel, co-founders of Penny Inc.:
Tyler: "We would get some useful information if we let our employees evaluate themselves."
Gabriel: "Are you crazy? They'd just give themselves all perfect scores."
a. Tyler is right because most people can evaluate themselves honestly.
b. Tyler is right because although most people evaluate themselves dishonestly, the nature of that dishonesty is in itself a useful piece of information.
c. Gabriel is right because the most incompetent employees are the ones who think the most highly of themselves.
d. Gabriel is right because most people feel they can't afford to be honest on self-evaluations—too much is on the line.
a. Tyler is right because most people can evaluate themselves honestly.
b. Tyler is right because although most people evaluate themselves dishonestly, the nature of that dishonesty is in itself a useful piece of information.
c. Gabriel is right because the most incompetent employees are the ones who think the most highly of themselves.
d. Gabriel is right because most people feel they can't afford to be honest on self-evaluations—too much is on the line.
Define Affectivity:
Affectivity represents our tendency to experience a particular mood or to react to things with certain emotions.
Give an example of Distributive Fairness.
Distributive fairness refers to the perceived fairness of the outcome received, including resource distributions, promotions, hiring and layoff decisions, and raises.
- Promotions based on merit: (When promotions are awarded based on clear performance metrics and not favoritism, employees perceive the process as fair)
Leah and Heather go to pub trivia every week. Leah usually carries the team, while Heather rarely knows the answer to anything. One week, Heather happens to know the answer to almost every question, leading the team to a crushing win. In concluding that someone must have given Heather the answers in advance, Leah most clearly attributes which of the following to Heather's performance?
a. Low consistency
b. Low distinctiveness
c. Low consensus
d. High consensus
a. Low consistency
b. Low distinctiveness
c. Low consensus
d. High consensus
Which theory holds that a given response can be linked with an unrelated stimulus?
a. Classical conditioning
b. Learning as a cognitive process
c. Reinforcement theory
d. Social cognitive theory
a. Classical conditioning
b. Learning as a cognitive process
c. Reinforcement theory
d. Social cognitive theory
Under this arrangement, an employee works a traditional schedule one week and a compressed schedule the next, getting every other Friday off.
Flex-time
“nine–eighty” schedule
Compressed work schedule
Job sharing
Flex-time
“nine–eighty” schedule: That is, they work eighty hours (the equivalent of two weeks of full-time work) in nine days.
Compressed work schedule
Job sharing
Define Consensus (High or Low) in Attribution Theory:
Would others behave similarly in the same situation or receive the same outcome? If almost everyone earns an A in the course in which your roommate just did well, consensus would be high and you would make external attributions for your roommate’s grade. If consensus is low and few students do well in the class, you would make internal attributions for the grade.
Give an example of Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory:
- "hygiene factor" (which prevents dissatisfaction but doesn't necessarily motivate) would be a competitive salary
- "motivator" (which directly contributes to job satisfaction) would be receiving public recognition for outstanding work achievements