Learning
This type of learning involves forming associations between stimuli, such as in classical conditioning, or between responses and outcomes.",
answer: "What is associative learning?"
"The physiological process by which the body maintains a stable, constant internal state (like body temperature or blood sugar).",
"What is homeostasis?"
"This memory store holds large amounts of sensory input for a fraction of a second (iconic and echoic).",
"What is sensory memory?"
"Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that simplify decision-making but can lead to cognitive biases.",
What are heuristics?"
"In Piaget's sensorimotor stage, children develop this critical milestone: the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.",
What is object permanence?"
"In classical conditioning, this unlearned, natural response is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).",
What is the unconditioned response (UCR)?"
"Distinction in motivation between 'wanting' (driven by dopamine and reward anticipation) versus this affective experience of pleasure upon receiving the reward.",
"What is 'liking'?"
"Repeating information mentally to keep it active in working memory is known by this term.",
"What is maintenance rehearsal?"
This cognitive bias occurs when people make decisions about a current situation based on the time, money, or effort already invested.",
"What is the sunk-cost effect?"
"The cognitive process described by Piaget where new information is fitted into existing mental frameworks (schemes).",
"What is assimilation?"
"This schedule of reinforcement yields the highest and most steady rate of response without pausing (e.g., slot machines or lottery tickets).",
"What is a variable-ratio schedule?"
"This psychological law states that performance peaks at an intermediate level of arousal, dropping off if arousal is too low or too high.",
"What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?"
"This phenomenon explains why we are most likely to remember items at the very beginning and very end of a list.",
"What is the serial position effect (primacy and recency effects)?"
"The tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions or estimates.",
"What is anchoring?"
"Lev Vygotsky emphasized that cognitive development is driven primarily by social interaction and this cultural context.",
"What is sociocultural development (or culture/language)?"
"A process of nonassociative learning where repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases responsiveness over time.",
"What is habituation?"
"According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, these basic biological needs must be satisfied before safety or esteem needs.",
"What are physiological needs?"
"This type of long-term memory includes motor skills and habits that are performed without conscious recollection.",
What is implicit memory (or procedural memory)?"
"This bias occurs when people judge the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easily examples come to mind.",
"What is the availability heuristic?"
"The ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires—to oneself and others, typically tested via false-belief tasks.",
"What is theory of mind?"
"This type of learning occurs by watching others without direct reinforcement, famously demonstrated by Albert Bandura's Bobo doll experiment.",
"What is observational (or social) learning?"
Drugs that bind to neurotransmitter receptors and mimic their effects are called agonists, while drugs that block receptor sites are called this.",
"What are antagonists?"
"Amnesia characterized by the inability to form new long-term memories following brain trauma.",
"What is anterograde amnesia?"
"This decision-making phenomenon happens when having too many options leads to paralysis, anxiety, and lower satisfaction.",
"What is choice overload?"
Famous experimental paradigm measuring self-regulation and impulse control by having children resist eating a marshmallow.",
"What is delay of gratification?"