Individual Differences
Self-reliance
Independence
Individualism
what is social identity?
self-concept derived from group membership
intergroup stereotypes and attitudes that are activated in memory when the person encounters a member of an outgroup without the person being aware that an activation has occurred
Implicit prejudice
define discrimination
behaving differently toward people based on group membership
extent to which people believe others share their attitudes an opinion
perceived social support
equal opportunity and treatment
concern for others' well-being
egalitarianism
what are the two hypotheses that lead to intergroup bias
categorization-competition hypothesis and self-esteem hypothesis
characteristics of modern-symbolic prejudice
racism no longer exists
economic differences due to lack of motivation
anger is unjustified because minorities are lazy
minorities seek special favors
minorities get more than they deserve economically
what are the three types of discrimination?
blatant, subtle, covert
Differences between internal and external motivation
Internal - personal belief that prejudice is wrong, feelings of guilt, goal of friendly conversation
external - result of social pressure, feel threatened, goal of appearing unprejudiced and avoiding conflict
When people perceive outgroup values to be bad because they differ from the ingroups values
value difference hypothesis
factors that influence social identity
self-categorization
optimal distinctiveness
chornic social identities
individual differences
How is aversive prejudice different from modern-symbolic prejudice?
reject individualistic values and support equality programs
value being unprejudiced
want to avoid interracial contact because of negative feelings
What are microaggressions?
a type of subtle discrimination that includes small-scale, everyday behaviors that demean other social groups
what causes regressive prejudice?
nonverbal cues, high cognitive load, poor executive functioning
intent for self-preservation + death is inevitable = terror
terror managment theory
T/F: both relative deprivation and gratification can lead to prejudice
true
What is unique about ambivalent prejudice?
Includes implicit and EXPLICIT negative feelings towards minorities
describe each type of discrimination
blatant - unequal treatment that is intentional and visible/obvious
subtle - unequal treatment that is less visible and usually unintentional
covert - unequal treatment that is hidden but typically maliciously motivated
what are the disinhibitors of prejudice?
anonymity, strong emotions, costs and rewards, other people's behaviors
the two social ideologies
right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation
What is relative deprivation theory?
feeling deprived relative to things you had in the past AND to things other people have that you deserve
define each type of prejudice (modern-symbolic, aversive, ambivalent)
modern-symbolic - minorities are to blame for their situation and they receive more benefits than they deserve
aversive - avoid contact with them, at the most are polite to minorities
ambivalent - belief in equality, generally positive attitudes towards minorities, implicit and explicit feelings towards minorities
name and describe three types of covert discrimination
tokenism - hiring one or a couple of members of a group as evidence of not discriminating
containment - restricting members of a group to certain job categories
sabotage - arranging for group members to fail by assigning them specific jobs
What affects how people respond to being confronted by others about prejudice or discrimination?
Type of prejudice involved or the person doing the confronting.