Nervous System
The functional cell of the nervous system.
What is a neuron?
List the two main structure of the CNS.
What are the brain and spinal cord?
The functional division of the PNS that regulates the digestive system. This is sometimes refereed to as the brain of the gut because it is involuntary and made of smooth muscle.
What is the enteric nervous system?
The two photoreceptor cells in the retina.
What are rods and cones?
What is the nose and pharynx (Upper) and larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs (lower)?
List the parts of a neuron.
What is a cell body, dendrites, and axon?
This term nucleus refers to this part of the CNS.
What is a cluster of cell bodies in the CNS. (gray matter)?
The division of the autonomic system that deals with "rest and digest."
What is the parasympathetic division?
List the auditory ossicles of the middle ear and describe the functions of auditory ossicles.
What is the Incus, Malleus, and Stapes? What is the transmission of vibrations from the ear drum to the inner ear/take sound waves and transform them into vibrations?
The functional divisions of the respiratory zone. Describe them too.
What is the conducting zone (filter, warms, and moistens air----Nose, Pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles)?
What is the respiratory zone (gas exchange-------Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli)
List at least two types of neurotransmitters that cross the synaptic cleft.
What are acetycholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, or glutamate?
Describe the brain and spinal cord coverings.
What is.........
MENINGES OF BRAIN:
Dura Mater (outermost layer)- made of dense irregular CT, consist of 3 extensions that separate the parts of the brain--falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli
Arachnoid Mater (middle layer)- spiderweb-like arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers, surrounded by subdural space, full of interstitial fluid
Pia Mater(innermost layer)-thin layer of CT with collagen and elastic fibers, attached to surface of the brain, contains many blood vessels, surrounded by subarachnoid space, full of CSF
MENINGES OF SPINAL CORD:
Dura Mater (outermost layer)- surrounded by epidural space, full of fat and CT, continous with dura mater from the brain, extends to S2
Arachnoid Mater (middle layer)-spider webbed like arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers
Pia Mater(innermost layer)-attached to surface of spinal cord, thin layer of CT with collagen and elastic fibers, contains blood vessels, and full of CSF
List the organs without dual innervation.
What is arrector pili, sweat glands, smooth muscle of blood vessels, and adrenal medulla?
____Outer ear.
____ Middle ear.
____ Inner ear.
A. transmission of auditory stimuli
B. sensory functions: auditory and equilibrium
What is....
A. Outer ear.
A. Middle ear.
B. Inner ear.
A.transmission of auditory stimuli
B. sensory functions: auditory and equilibrium
This lateral paired laryngeal cartilage is found on the apex of the arteynoid cartilage. This cartilage is made of elastic cartilage.
What is the corniculate cartilage?
What is a synapse? What is a chemical synapse? How are presynaptic neurons and postsynaptic neurons related to synapses?
A chemical synapse uses neurotransmitters to send signals.
In a synapse, the presynaptic neuron (cell) carries the impulse into the synapse, releasing neurotransmitters. The postsynaptic neuron (cell) receives the neurotransmitters signal.
List the structures of the midbrain.
What is the cerebral peduncles, red nucleus, substantia nigra, tectum AKA corpora quadrigemina (inferior and superior colliculi)?
List the cranial nerves involved in the parasympathetic division and their function.
What is........
III Oculomotor) innervates iris and ciliary body
VII Facial) innervates lacrimal, salivary, and mucous glands
IX Glossopharyngeal) Innervates partoid salivary glands
X Vagus) Innervates heart, lungs, GI tract, liver and pancreas
List and describe the layers of the eye.
What is the ...
-Fibrous tunic (outer layer that consists of the sclera and cornea)
-Vascular tunic (middle layer that consists of the choroid, ciliary body that contains ciliary processes and ciliary muscle, and iris)
-Retina (inner layer)
The two types of cells in alveolar walls.
What is TYPE I CELLS(simple squamous epithelial cells, produce a nearly continuous lining of alveolar wall, main site of gas exchange)?
What is TYPE II CELLS (cubodial epithelial cells with microvilli AKA septal cells, secrete surfactant which decreases surface tension of alveolar fluid and helps keep alveoli open, fewer in number than type I)
Function of Astrocytes
What is most numerous, form structural support for neurons, help maintain blood brain barrier, maintain appropriate environment for neuron function, and influence formation of synapses an impact learning and memory?
The three structures of the diencephalon and their functions.
What is the......
Thalamus----contains a dozen major nuclei (cluster of cell bodies)/routes all sensory information except olfactory to appropriate part of brain/ filters information/ identifies which sense information is coming from--visual, auditory, etc.
Hypothalamus---also has a lot of nuclei/links together the nervous system to endocrine system
Epithalamus--- connects limbic system (emotional) to rest of brain/ responsible for visceral or emotional response to odor/includes the pineal gland which secretes melatonin and regulates sleep/wake cycles
How do collateral ganglia, splanchnic nerves, and postganglionic fibers relate?
What is.....
Collateral ganglia are closer to target organ. Nerves that synapse in the collateral ganglia are splanchnic nerves. Splanchnic nerves are myelinated fibers that pass through the sympathetic chain gangai without synapsing. The Splanchnic nerve connects the postganglionic fibers. Postganglionic fibers innervate digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs.
The apical (first part) of the basilar membrane is........
The basal (end part) of the basilar membrane is.........
A. stiff and narrow
B. wide and flexible
C. responds to high frequency stimuli
D. responds to low frequency stimuli
What is stiff and narrow and responds to high frequency stimuli? (APICAL)
What is wide and flexible and responds to low stimuli? (BASILAR)
What is.....
Summary: cells become smaller and less tough. Cartilage is replaced with smooth muscle to keep airway patent and increase gas exchange.
MUCOUS MEMBRANE
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar – main, secondary, tertiary bronchi------------>
Simple ciliated columnar – larger bronchioles------>
Simple ciliated cuboidal – smaller bronchioles------>
Simple cuboidal – terminal bronchioles------------->
Mucous membrane thins out. ------>
CARTILAGE
Incomplete rings replaced with plates of hyaline cartilage; cartilage disappears in distal bronchioles
SMOOTH MUSCLE
As cartilage decreases, smooth muscle increases to maintain patency without cartilage.