Bones Anatomy
Bones Physiology
Joints
Muscle Anatomy
Muscle Physiology
100

What are the two basic types of bone tissue?

Compact and spongy

100

Bone formation is called _______ or osteogenesis 

ossification

100

Term used for immovable joint

synarthrosis

100

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

100

What molecule do muscle cells use for energy?

ATP

200

What is another term used for the shaft of the bone, which is also composed of compact bone and marrow cavity in the middle

Diaphysis

200

Name at least 2 main function of the skeletal System

Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral storage and release, Lipid storage

200

What type of joint is a suture?

Fibrous and synarthrosis

200

Muscle organs are attached by _____ to bones

 tendons

200

At the end of each axon branch is a swollen zone called an axon terminus or synaptic bulb. The zone where a neuron and muscle cell interact is called the _________ _______ (NMJ)

neuromuscular junction

300

What covers the external surface of the epiphyses? (It decreases friction at joint surfaces)

Articular cartilage

300

In the long bones, where does the secondary ossification center occur?

Epiphyses 

300

What are the 3 characteristics of diarthrosis joints?

They have:

1. Synovial membrane

2. Articular Cartilage

3. Capsule

300

Muscle organs are divided into _____ (Bundles of muscle fibers)

fascicles

300

the Na+ channels are triggered by a
neurotransmitter released by neurons called ______, This causes the Na+ channels to open.

Acetylcholine

400

Osteocytes are found in spaces
called  ______

lacunae

400

Describe the 4 main kinds of bone cells?

1. Osteoprogenitor: create osteoblasts, come from mesenchyme stem cells

2. Osteoblast: build bone

3. Osteocyte: mature osteoblasts that have become buried by matrix

4. Osteoclast: cut into/ erode bone

400

What type of synovial joint allows movements up/down in a single axis; for example elbow, knee, ankle, digits .

Hinge

400

A group of muscle fibers all enervated by the same neuron are called ____ ______

Motor unit

400

What Calcium is released by the
sarcoplasmic reticulum. It binds to
_____ which pulls tropomyosin off
of the _____-_______ ____, which is located on the top of each actin sphere. 

troponin, myosin-binding sites

500

Bone tissue is also called osseous tissue.  It is made of cells surrounded by mineralized extra cellular matrix. Name at least 5 things that the bone matrix has.

15%  Water
30%  organic matrix (carbon-containing):
              - 95% Collagen Fibers
              - 5%  Chondroitin Sulfate
55%  Inorganic crystalized mineral salts:
            -calcium Phosphate
            -Ca-phosphate + Ca hydroxide crystal                            called “Hydroxyapatite”            Many other minerals in lesser amounts like Mg, F, K, S.
Trace substances:  Lead, Gold, Strontium, Plutonium, etc.

500

Name the 4 layers of Epiphyseal growth plate.

Zone of resting cartilage: It is anchoring the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis. Not making bone but making protein fiber anchors

Zone of proliferating cartilage: chondrocytes divide and secrete hyaline cartilage ECM

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage: chondrocytes in this zone were newly made but are taking in nutrients and getting bigger and maturing and secreting lots of ECM (“hyper” meaning big; “troph” refers to nourishment).

Zone of calcified cartilage: Osteum is laid down which is then mineralized to form true bone and a longer diaphysis 

500

Which type of synovial joint allows greatest range of motion, and name 2 examples of this joint.

Ball and socket joints. Shoulder and hip joints

500

What is the correct order for the smallest to the largest unit of organization in muscle tissue?

myofibril, fascicle, muscle fiber (cell), myofilament (myosin and actin), muscle group, muscle



myofilament ( myosin and actin), myofibril, muscle fiber (cell), fascicle, muscle, muscle group

500

What is the role of O2 in aerobic cellular respiration?

take electrons after they've run through the electron transport chain (ETC)ensuring there is a constant flow of new electrons being delivered to the beginning of the ETC