What are the two basic types of bone tissue?
Compact and spongy
Bone formation is called _______ or osteogenesis
ossification
Term used for immovable joint
synarthrosis
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
What molecule do muscle cells use for energy?
ATP
What is another term used for the shaft of the bone, which is also composed of compact bone and marrow cavity in the middle
Diaphysis
Name at least 2 main function of the skeletal System
Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral storage and release, Lipid storage
What type of joint is a suture?
Fibrous and synarthrosis
Muscle organs are attached by _____ to bones
tendons
At the end of each axon branch is a swollen zone called an axon terminus or synaptic bulb. The zone where a neuron and muscle cell interact is called the _________ _______ (NMJ)
neuromuscular junction
What covers the external surface of the epiphyses? (It decreases friction at joint surfaces)
Articular cartilage
In the long bones, where does the secondary ossification center occur?
Epiphyses
What are the 3 characteristics of diarthrosis joints?
They have:
1. Synovial membrane
2. Articular Cartilage
3. Capsule
Muscle organs are divided into _____ (Bundles of muscle fibers)
fascicles
the Na+ channels are triggered by a
neurotransmitter released by neurons called ______, This causes the Na+ channels to open.
Acetylcholine
Osteocytes are found in spaces
called ______
lacunae
Describe the 4 main kinds of bone cells?
1. Osteoprogenitor: create osteoblasts, come from mesenchyme stem cells
2. Osteoblast: build bone
3. Osteocyte: mature osteoblasts that have become buried by matrix
4. Osteoclast: cut into/ erode bone
What type of synovial joint allows movements up/down in a single axis; for example elbow, knee, ankle, digits .
Hinge
A group of muscle fibers all enervated by the same neuron are called ____ ______
Motor unit
What Calcium is released by the
sarcoplasmic reticulum. It binds to
_____ which pulls tropomyosin off
of the _____-_______ ____, which is located on the top of each actin sphere.
troponin, myosin-binding sites
Bone tissue is also called osseous tissue. It is made of cells surrounded by mineralized extra cellular matrix. Name at least 5 things that the bone matrix has.
15% Water
30% organic matrix (carbon-containing):
- 95% Collagen Fibers
- 5% Chondroitin Sulfate
55% Inorganic crystalized mineral salts:
-calcium Phosphate
-Ca-phosphate + Ca hydroxide crystal called “Hydroxyapatite” Many other minerals in lesser amounts like Mg, F, K, S.
Trace substances: Lead, Gold, Strontium, Plutonium, etc.
Name the 4 layers of Epiphyseal growth plate.
Zone of resting cartilage: It is anchoring the epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis. Not making bone but making protein fiber anchors
Zone of proliferating cartilage: chondrocytes divide and secrete hyaline cartilage ECM
Zone of hypertrophic cartilage: chondrocytes in this zone were newly made but are taking in nutrients and getting bigger and maturing and secreting lots of ECM (“hyper” meaning big; “troph” refers to nourishment).
Zone of calcified cartilage: Osteum is laid down which is then mineralized to form true bone and a longer diaphysis
Which type of synovial joint allows greatest range of motion, and name 2 examples of this joint.
Ball and socket joints. Shoulder and hip joints
What is the correct order for the smallest to the largest unit of organization in muscle tissue?
myofibril, fascicle, muscle fiber (cell), myofilament (myosin and actin), muscle group, muscle
myofilament ( myosin and actin), myofibril, muscle fiber (cell), fascicle, muscle, muscle group
What is the role of O2 in aerobic cellular respiration?
take electrons after they've run through the electron transport chain (ETC)ensuring there is a constant flow of new electrons being delivered to the beginning of the ETC