Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
What are the four main stages of cellular respiration in order
Glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation
Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphroylation
The calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar. What are the phases of this process?
1. Carbon Fixation
2. Reduction
3. regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
The cell cycle consists of the mitotic phase and interphase. What are the phases of interphase
–G1 phase (“first gap”)
–S phase (“synthesis”)
–G2 phase (“second gap”)
In a typical experiment, Mendel mated two contrasting, true-breeding varieties, a process called hybridization. What is meant by True-breeding?
plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2+ 6H2O + ATP
Most plants are C3 plants, in which the initial fixation of C O2, via rubisco, forms a three-carbon compound (3-phosphoglycerate).
C4 plants minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into what compound as the first product of the calvin cycle?
a four-carbon compound
Two new daughter chromosomes begin moving toward opposite ends of the cell as their kinetochore microtubules shorten. Because these microtubules are attached at the centromere region, the centromeres are pulled ahead of the arms, moving at a rate of about 1 micrometer per minute. At what phase of Mitosis does this occur?
Anaphase
If a cross is done between the offspring of a P generation that contains one true breeding purple flower and one true breeding white, what will be the phenotypic ratio?
3:1
The process that generates almost 90% of the ATP is called oxidative Phosphorylation because it is powered by redox reaction. Some A T P is also formed by substrate-level phosphorylation. At which stages of cellular respiration does substrate level phosphorylation create ATP?
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
What is the Equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H20 ------> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
•Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) reproduce by a type of cell division called binary fission. Describe the process of binary fission.
The chromosome replicates (beginning at the origin of replication), and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart. The plasma membrane pinches inward, dividing the cell into two
Labradors have black coats, brown coats, and yellow coats. Explain why this is.
The phenotypic expression of one gene affects the expression of another gene. This is known as epistasis.
Glycolysis consists of an energy investment phase and an energy payoff phase. At the beginning of glycolysis 2 ATP are used to convert glucose to 2 ADP + 2 inorganic phosphates. What is produced by the end of energy pay off phase? What is the net ATP output?
4 ATP, 2 NADH + 2H+, 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
Net ATP: 2
Photosynthesis as a redox process:
Energy + 6CO2 +6H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Which reactant is reduced and which is oxidized?
6CO2 is reduced into C6H12O6
H2O is oxidized into 6 O2
Mitosis is conventionally broken down into five stages. What are these stages and the key activity of each?
Prophase - chromosomes condense
Metaphase - chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate
Anaphase - Chromatids have separated and move towards the poles
Telophase - the nuclear envelope reforms and cytoplasm starts dividing
Sickle cell disease is caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells. What relationship among alleles of a single gene is this?
Pleiotropy - one gene affects multiple phenotypic characters
Pyruvate is converted to acteyl CoA before entering the citric acid cycle. What three reactions does pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyze for this conversion?
1. Oxidation of pyruvate's carboxyl group, releasing the first CO2 of cellular respiration.
2.Reduction of N A D+ to N A D H
2.Combination of the remaining two-carbon fragment with coenzyme A to form acetyl C o A
Light reactions use solar power and water to produce O2 while the calvin cycle uses CO2 to produce sugar. How do these reactions interact with each other?
Light reactions receive NADP+ and ADP from the calvin cycle and produce ATP and NADPH for the calvin cycle.
At which end do kinetchore microtubules shorten during anaphase?
Both towards the pole and and towards the chromatid. There are two mechanisms working to shorten the microtubules.
Perform a cross of BbEe x BbEe. what is the phenotypic ration?
9:3:1