Exam 3
Which of the following is MOST likely true of aggressively dividing cancer cells?
A. They do not express telomerase
B. They have a low proliferative capacity
C. They are in a state of cell crisis
D. Their telomeres are stabilized.
D. Their telomeres are stabilized.
Mouse mammary carcinoma cells are injected into the mouse mammary tissue. Cells in which the EMT transcription factor Twist is knocked down will show which of the following?
A. More rapid formation of primary tumors
B. Increased metastases to the lungs
C. Reduced metastases to the lungs
D. Slower formation of primary tumors.
C. Reduced metastases to the lungs
The growth of microscopic metastases into macroscopic masses is known as ____________
A. Invasion
B. Colonization
C. Intravasation
D. Extravasation
B. Colonization
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of immune-evasion known to be utilized by cancer cells?
A. Repression of antigens recognized by the immune sysytem.
B. Repression of MHC class I proteins
C. Activation of EGF signaling
D. Disablement of the NKG2D signaling pathway
C. Activation of EGF signaling
Why does loss of telomerase activity in humans lead to severe phenotypes in the first generation, while loss of telomerase activity in laboratory mice takes several generations to exhibit any sort of phenotype?.
A. Mouse have shorter telomeres
B. Human cells have shorter telomeres
C. Mouse cells express higher levels of telomerase.
D. The length of mouse telomeres do not change over time
B. Human cells have shorter telomeres
As a form of immune-evasion, cancer cells usually express higher levels of ___________
A. Helper T cells
B. Cytotoxic T Cells
C. Natural killer cells
D. Regulatory T Cells
D. Regulatory T Cells
An arrest in the cell cycle resulting in a viable but non-growing state is known as
A. The arrest point
B. Senescence
C. Quiescence
D. Inactivation
B. Senescence
________ is a receptor expressed in the lymph nodes that functions as an immune cell checkpoint and is often targeted in immunotherapy
A. CTLA4
B. PD-1
C. EGF
D. E-Cadherin
A. CTLA4
Which of the following statements is true regarding blood vessels within tumors?
A. They are usually constructed in evenly spaced patterns to provide adequate oxygen to the tumor.
B. They are often constructed in a haphazard disorganized fashion.
C. They are usually smaller in diameter when compared to normal tissues.
D. They are constructed from stromal stem cells in the tumor.
B. They are often constructed in a haphazard disorganized fashion.
As a type of antibody immortalization, B cells are often fused to myeloma cells to form _________
A. Vectors
B. Polyclonal antibodies
C. Hybridomas
D. Antigens
C. Hybridomas
Which of the following mechanisms would NOT contribute to cancer cell transformation?
A. Erosion of telomeric DNA
B. Regeneration of telomeric DNA
C. Stabilization of telomeres
D. Increased expression of telomerase
A. Erosion of telomeric DNA
Mice in which the TGF-B type II receptor is inactivated in stromal fibroblasts exhibit
A. Increased proliferation of epithelial cells.
B. Reduced incidence of carcinomas
C. Reduced proliferation of stromal cells
D. Increased rate of apoptosis
A. Increased proliferation of epithelial cells.
Many studies have been conducted in mice to study the role of stromal cells in the formation of carcinomas. In one of these experiments, fibroblast cells were co-injected along with human carcinoma cells. What was the outcome of this experiment?
A. Tumor formation happened more rapidly
B. Tumor formation was slowed down
C. There was no difference in tumor formation when fibroblasts are co-injected
D. Tumors were easier to treat with anti-cancer drugs
A. Tumor formation happened more rapidly
Why are most monoclonal antibodies humanized before they can be used as a therapeutic agent?
A. Monoclonal antibodies generated in mice are not able to signal the recruitment of T cells in humans
B. The monoclonal antibodies produced in mice cannot interact with human antigens
C. Since monoclonal antibodies are usually generated in mice, they are not stable in humans
D. Monoclonal antibodies are usually generated in mice and would therefore provoke an immune response when injected into a human
D. Monoclonal antibodies are usually generated in mice and would therefore provoke an immune response when injected into a human
Which of the following statements is false?
A. Cells undergo apoptosis when they go into crisis
B. Cells that lack p53 function cannot go into crisis
C. Overexpression of telomerase in human cancer cells leads to a reduction in proliferation
D. Crisis can be prevented in human cancer cells by expression of telomerase
C. Overexpression of telomerase in human cancer cells leads to a reduction in proliferation
The antigen-binding domains of an antibody molecule are made up of the ________
A. Constant domains
B. Variable domains
C. Hinge Domains
D. Tetramer domains
B. Variable domains
How does Provenge work in treating prostate cancer?
A. It is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes prostate acid phosphatase (PAP)
B. It is a type of adoptive cell transfer where APCs are trained to recognize prostate acid phosphatase (PAP)
C. it is a type of adoptive T cell transfer where T cells are trained to recognize prostate acid phosphatase (PAP)
D. It is a type of CAR T cell therapy where CAR T cell are engineered to recognize prostate acid phosphatase (PAP)
B. It is a type of adoptive cell transfer where APCs are trained to recognize prostate acid phosphatase (PAP)
Why do antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) have to have the ability to work at subnanomolar concentrations?
A. It has been proven that too high of a concentration is toxic to the patient
B. Only about 1.5% of the drug reaches the target inside the cell to exert its effects
C. Only about 1.5% of the drug is able to reach the tumor site
D. Antibodies can only conjugate to a very low concentration of drug
B. Only about 1.5% of the drug reaches the target inside the cell to exert its effects
A mouse is injected with irradiated tumor cells and as expected no tumor grows. Later the same mouse is injected with live cells from a different tumor. What would you expect to happen?
A. A tumor would form at the injection site.
B. No tumor would form
C. A less aggressive tumor than the original would form at the injection site.
D. Tumors would form at sites away from the injection site
A. A tumor would form at the injection site.
Which of the following is usually the rate limiting step in the formation of carcinomas?
A. Angiogenesis
B. Intravasation
C. Colonization
D. Telomere Shortening
A. Angiogenesis
Stromal cells play a big role in inducing angiogenesis within carcinomas. One way that they are required is that they recruit _______ into the tumor stroma
A. Macrophages
B. EPCs
C. Mature endothelial cells
D. Epithelial cells
B. EPCs
EMT transcription factors play a big role in the many different steps of tumorigenesis. How do EMT transcription factors help in the formation of metastases at a new site in the body away from the primary tumor
A. EMT transcription factors aid in the extravasation process thereby allowing cancer cells to leave a blood vessel and form a new tumor
B. EMT transcription factors induce entrance into a stem cell like state thereby allowing cancer cells to undergo colonization.
C. EMT transcription factors speed up the motility of circulating cancer cells that are in route to a new site.
D. EMT transcription factors help cleave the basement membrane at the new tumor site to allow colonization of cancer cells.
B. EMT transcription factors induce entrance into a stem cell like state thereby allowing cancer cells to undergo colonization.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. The circulatory layout does not influence the location of metastases.
B. A tumor's tendency to metastasize to particular tissues is dependent on the the microenvironment within those tissues
C. The proximity of a tissue the primary tumor is the biggest indicator of where a tumor will metastasize to
D. All tumors tend to metastasize to the lungs first
B. A tumor's tendency to metastasize to particular tissues is dependent on the microenvironment within those tissues
Cells that undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition acquire which of the following?
A. Increased invasive ability
B. Decreased motility
C. Ability to form a large primary tumor
D. Ability to colonize at metastatic sites
A. Increased invasive ability
Passive immunization requires the manipulation of _________
A. Antigens
B. Antibodies
C. T Cells
D. Dendritic Cells
B. Antibodies