Nervous system 1
Parts of a neuron neuron cell
Cell body, axon, dendrites, myelinated sheath, axon terminal
The subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system
parasympathetic and sympathetic
the 5 sensory receptors and what they respond to
Mechanoreceptors- pressure
Thermoreceptors- temperature change
Pain (nociceptors) – pain touch sensation
Electromagnetic- magnets, radiation, electricity
Chemoreceptors- taste and smell
inflammation process
Begins local but can spread and become systemic
Increases phagocytosis (ingestion of bacteria by phagocytes)
Cytokines promote inflammation- redness, swelling, heat, and pain
Inflammatory response enters extra cellular fluid and cause capillaries to dilate and leak allowing white blood cells to respond (swelling)
kinds of pathogens can be used to create vaccines
dead, weak, inactive or part of an active pathogen
Types of neurons
Unipolar(sensory), bipolar (interneuron), multipolar neuron (motor)
The lobes of the brain and their functions
Frontal (processes smells and contains motor cortex), Parietal (speech, reading, touch sensations, and orientation in space), occipital (speech), temporal (processing and interpreting sounds)
what do sensor receptors convert from/to
one type of signal to an electrical signal
Adaptive vs. innate immune response
Innate immunity- not causes by infection or vaccine ( first line of defense)
Physical and internal defenses
Adaptive immunity- second line of defense, produce inflammation and fever response. Takes longer and has memory system
Cell mediated and humoral repose (memory)
differences between immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases
immunodeficiency (under active immune system)
Autoimmune (immune system attacks own body)
Parkinson’s disease is a lack of
Dopamine
what causes an action potential to occur
strong enough input
functions of the main parts of the eye
Retina- transduction of light to nervous impulses
Lens- focus light on the retina
Cornea- protection of eye
Iris- regulates amount of light entering the eye
Main types of white blood cells? where they mature? what types of immune response?
o T cells- enter thymus, cell mediated (target infected cells)
o B cells- remain in bone marrow, humoral response (targets pathogens lose in lymph and blood)
o Where they mature- T cells in the thymus, B cells in the Bone marrow
o In what type of immune response they participate. – T cells cell mediated, B cells
examples of immunodeficiencies and autoimmune diseases
immuno- HIV and AIDs
Autoimmune- Lupus and type 1 diabetes
The two types of nervous systems? their functions?
Central and peripheral. Central sends motor information to the peripheral system. Peripheral sends sensory information to the central system.
what does an action potential cause? what is going in and out?
depolarization (the opening of ion channels) sodium ions go into the cell, potassium ions go out of the cell
where are the photoreceptors located
Rods- outer edges of retina
Cones- center of retina
active v passive immunity
Active- production of antibodies by plasma cells
Passive- antibodies come from an outside source and needs a host
what produces antibodies
B cells
the three meninges and their functions
dura mater (protects brain and spinal cord)
Pia mater (contacts and covers brain and spinal cord)
arachnoid mater (middle layer)
when is an action potential polarized, depolarized and hyper polarized?
polarized- when extra potassium ions leave the cell
depolarized- when sodium enters the cell
hyperpolarized- when potassium leaves the cell
what is the signal transduction for hearing
Auditory stimuli are sound waves. The sound wave energy reaches the outer ear (pinna, canal, tympanum), and vibrations of the tympanum send the energy to the middle ear. The middle ear bones shift and the stapes transfers mechanical energy to the oval window of the fluid-filled inner ear cochlea. Once in the cochlea, the energy causes the basilar membrane to flex, thereby bending the stereocilia on receptor hair cells. This activates the receptors, which send their auditory neural signals to the brain
immunological memory
T and B cells become effector cells or memory cells and can reactive quickly if re-exposed with same antigen, after a few years of no new exposure to same antigen memory cells die off.
acellular infections
need a host to reproduce