Chapter 10
The protein structure is the 3D structure formed by bonds btwn R groups and H2O
tertiary
This identifies all mRNA in a cell under specific conditions
Transcriptomics
Mutations that occur before/during meiosis that leads to a mutated gamete which is passed on to the next generation
Germline
Shortens with each cell division
telomeres
Which class of HLA is found on macrophages, T cells, and dendritic cells
II
Signal sequence
Diabetes shares genes with obesity and htn, this is an example of a...
diseasome
A catastrophic allelic disorder means what?
A gene is missing
DNA probes labeled with fluorescent dye to bind to complementary DNA
FISH (Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Most antigens are....
proteins or carbohydrates
What misfolded protein ca be passed to other proteins and act as a chaperone protein
prion
In humans, viral DNA is derived from what specifically?
Human endogenous retrovirus
An A being changed for a T would be considered what type of point mutation
Transversion
Schematic chromosome map indicating p and q arms and major region delineated by banding patterns
ideogram
Name 3 physical barriers to pathogens
unbroken skin, mucous membrane and secretions, waving cilia or resp tract, flushing effect.
Misfolded proteins are tagged with ______ to moved to the ______
In sickle cell patients why might reactivating gamma globins be beneficial?
Gamma give rise to Beta and in SC the beta aren't functioning normally. If gamma were reactivated it would function as a normal beta.
Inherited colon cancer is an example of what repair malfunctioning?
mismatch
Explain the differences in the 2 types of translocation
Robertsonian- 2 nonhomologous acrocentric chromosomes break at the centromere and long arms fuse, leaving short arms lost (familial down syndrome) (extra chromosome)
Reciprocal- 2 nonhomologous chromosomes exchange parts (still have normal number of chromosomes)
Name and describe the 3 types of antimicrobial proteins involved in the innate immune response.
Cytokines: interferons: antiviral
interleukins: fever inducing
tumor necrosis: anticancer
colony stimulating factors: stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes
Collectins: Fight bacteria, yeast, and some viruses.
Complement: plasma proteins aid the other defense systems.
3 ways chaperone proteins help folding
prevent proteins from getting stuck in intermediate form, stabilize partially folded regions, develop into drugs to treat misfolded proteins
Most control of gene expression occurs in what two things and how?
Chromatin remodeling through the use of acetyls (shift His to open it up for transcription), phosphates (add a negative charge to loosen nucleosome and promote transcription), Methyls (removed to allow transcription).
MicroRNAs that are noncoding to bind to target mRNA and prevent translation
Explain the 3 types of DNA repair
photoreactivation (bacteria) use photo energy to break extra bonds in pyrimidine dimer
Excision repair (humans) multiple nucleotides are removed and replaced. Nuc (up to 30 bases) Base (1-5)
Mismatch repair enzymes detect single nucs that don't base pair and excise and replace it
What are the causes of uniparental disomy
nondisjunction in egg and sperm in same chromosome or nondisjunction in egg and chromosome lost in sperm
Explain the differences by the types of T calls
Helper t: has cd4 antigen in cellular mediated immunity they release cytokines and activate cytoxic T. In humoral immunity they recognize the antigen presented and stimulate B cells.
Cytoxic t: cd8 antigens. kill virus or cancer cells when activated and release perforin to break open cencer cells.
Regulatory t: suppress immune system when not needed
natural killer: surveil the cell to kill antigens