The Blood
All gas exchange between the vascular system and tissues occurs in what
capillaries
The muscle of the heart is known as
myocardium
during exercise blood redistribution takes place to direct blood from where to where
from inactive organs to muscle
sinoatrial node (SA node)
What are 2 physiological changes that occur during emotional stress
Elevated catecholamines and stress hormones and increased BP
In order to meet the increased oxygen demands of muscle during exercise, two major adjustments in blood flow must be made
an increase in cardiac output and a redistribution of blood flow from inactive tissues to skeletal muscles.
what is the formula for cardiac output
SV x HR
T/F:
SV increases with exercise and continues to increase to match increases in VO2 up to VO2max
False
Electrical impulses are conducted between heart muscle cells by what
purkinje fibers
an increase in parasympathetic outflow to the heart results in what
a decrease in HR
the relationship between oxygen uptake, CO, and A-V O2 difference is described by what
Fick equation
cardiac muscle fibers have a rich supply of
mitochondria
what exercise leads to the greatest change in BP
arm exercises
the ORS and T wave on an ECG represent what
Ventricular depolarization and repolarization
the greatest resistance to blood flow occurs where
arterioles
the most important variable that determines resistance to flow is what
the radius of the vessel
HRV is defined as (1), influenced by (2) and is considered "healthy" when (3)
1: time between heart beats
2: balance between SNS and PNS
3: wide variation in HRV
increase in cardiac output during exercise is due to what
increase in HR and decrease in MAP
ST depression on an ECG is associated with what heart condition
poor oxygen supply (ischemia)
what are the first and second korokoff sounds
1st: closing of AV valves
2nd: closing of aortic and pulmonary valves
what are the three factors that impact venous return
venoconstriction, skeletal muscle pump, respiration
effect of beta-adrenergic blocking medications
1: reduce HR and contractility
2: compete with E and NE for receptors in the heart
auto regulation and blood flow retribution occurs by what
local release of metabolites resulting in vasodilation
Order of events leading to left ventricle contraction
Depolarization, ventricle fills, ventricle contracts, blood ejected into aorta
increase in end-diastolic ventricular volume and stroke volume of the heart is an illustration of what
frank starling law