Filtration
What is the kidney process that removes the plasma from the blood?
Filtration
Pressure waves of air are converted to fluid waves that are detected by mechanoreceptors. What sense is this describing?
Hearing/Ears
List the functions of different connective tissues.
Does the body ever use positive feedback; if so, in what scenarios?
Positive feedback in very few instances but it is utilized to stimulate contractions during childbirth and in lactation postpartum.
If you shine an entirely blue light at a yellow banana what color will it appear?
Black
What is the main processing unit of the liver and what is being formed here?
The main processing unit of the liver is the Hepatic Lobule where Urea is formed from Ammonia.
Strokes can cause a lose of body function in the damaged areas; if a patient has trouble walking and balancing which part of the brain was damaged?
Cerebellum
Why might Slow-Twitch muscles have a larger amount of Mitochondria and Blood Vessels than Fast-Twitch muscles?
To facilitate aerobic ATP production during exercise
The endocrine system is not able to act on every cell in the body even though it releases hormones into the bloodstream. When a hormone is released it reaches every cell but is only able to act on the target cells that have the correct receptors that allow it to understand and respond to the hormone signal.
What is the role of erythropoietin?
It allows red blood cells to carry more oxygen?
During the filtration step of urine formation, how is blood plasma removed in the nephron?
The twists and turns of the Glomerular Capillaries that create high blood pressure in the Glomeri
What electrochemical changes occur in the axon of a neuron during depolarization and repolarization?
During depolarization, Na+ ions move into the axon causing the charge to increase to 30mV. During repolarization, K+ ions move out of the axon causing the charge to decrease to the resting potential of -70mV.
In order for a muscle to contract in a coordinated way all of the myofibrils must work together what structure/molecule facilitates this?
The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Calcium to all of the myofibrils which unlocks the actin filament for myosin to bind to and pull on.
Explain the functions of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland and how they work together in the endocrine system?
The hypothalamus is the sensor for a lot of endocrine processes and it produces Releasing Hormones that travel to and stimulate the pituitary gland to release Stimulating or Inhibiting Hormones that reach the target cells.
Drugs that impact the way we think or perceive our environment often act on which part of neuronal signaling?
Dynamics of neurotransmitter signaling at the synapse
What conditions can cause damage to the Kidneys?
Kidneys are at risk of being damaged if a person suffers from diabetes, hypertension, or unresolved kidney stones.
While cooking dinner, you accidentally cut through the index finger on your left hand. What relay of events occurs before you are able to respond to the stimulus?
A sensory neuron in your finger travels to your spinal cord where the signal is relayed between neurons and your right-hand moves the knife away before you’ve had a chance to consciously notice the pain in your finger.
At a neuromuscular junction what neurotransmitter is released to initiate a muscle contraction?
Acetylcholine
When, why, and how does the body regulate blood sugar levels? Include details about raising and lowering blood sugar levels.
After a meal, blood sugar levels will rise and the pancreas will release insulin that tells the liver to absorb glucose and store it as glycogen.
In between meals, blood sugar levels will lower and the pancreas will release glucagon that will tell the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood.
Where does CO2 and O2 enter and exit the blood?
CO2 enters the blood at the systemic capillaries from the body cells
CO2 exits the blood at the pulmonary capillaries to be exhaled
O2 enters the blood at the pulmonary capillaries where it is inhaled
O2 exits the blood at the systemic capillaries where it is absorbed by the body cells
Briefly explain what is occurring during each step of urine formation.
1. Filtration: High blood pressure in Glomerule Cappilaries forces blood plasma into the kidney tubes
2. Reabsorption: Useful molecules like water, glucose, and electrolytes are put back into the bloodstream
3. Secretion: Plasma is checked again and any waste molecules like urea or pharmaceuticals are expelled as urine.
When and why is energy used during an action potential?
During the refractory/hyperpolarization period the Na+ and K+ need to be pumped back to their original locations in order to set up the concentration gradient that is the resting potential.
If someone had low blood calcium levels how would the body respond?
More calcium would be reabsorbed in the kidneys and osteoclasts would work to break down bone.
Explain how the body would respond to a sudden drop in body temperature.
Thermorecptors would detect the internal temperature change and signal the Hypothalamus. Neuroendocrine cells in the Hypothalamus would secrete Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone. TRH causes the Anterior Pituitary to release Thyroid Stimulating Hormone. TSH tells the Thyroid to release Thyroxine. Thyroxine travels through the blood to tell body cells to burn more ATP which increases the body temp. While Thyroxine is in the blood it inhibits the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary from making any more TRH or TSH.
What does an epidermal skin cell do until it reaches the outermost layer?
It exits the cell cycle at G0 and carries out normal cellular functions