Definitions
This is a variable that has an effect on other variables.
What is a factor?
A study that assigns students to one of two groups and then compares their scores on the dependent variable is an example of this type of design.
What is a between-subjects design?
This threat to validity refers to when participation in one treatment may have an influence on the participants' scores in the following treatments.
What are order effects?
This type of design has the disadvantages of requiring a lot of participants and individual differences as confounds.
What is a between-subjects design?
The third variable and directionality problems are problems with this type of research design.
What are correlational designs?
This is termed as an effect of an individual factor on the dependent variable.
What is the main effect?
Theresa wants to examine the impact of alcohol on happiness. She tells everyone at her job to drink 2 drinks/night for the week. She then measures and compares the scores of their happiness to the scores of everyone at her church. Theresa is using this type of research design.
What is a non experimental design?
An example of this threat to validity is Covid-2020 because this event may affect the scores in one treatment differently than in another treatment.
What is history?
A strength of this type of design is that it eliminates cohort effects by using one group of participants.
What is a longitudinal developmental research design?
Increasing sample size, standardizing procedures, limiting individual differences, and matching are all ways in which we can reduce this in between-subject designs?
What is variance?
This type of design compares different conditions using different groups of participants.
What is a between-subject design?
When graphing the results of a study, the researcher notices that males appeared to be affected more from the manipulation than females when they see an intersection of lines on a plot. The researcher has come across this type of effect.
What is an interaction effect?
This threat to validity refers to changes in the participants' physiology or psychology that occur during the research study and may affect the participants' scores.
What is maturation?
This type of design has the advantages of removing the impact of individual differences and requiring a lower sample size.
What is a within-subjects design?
Fill in the blank: Greater variability within groups makes it _____ to see the differences between treatment groups
What is more difficult?
This type of design compares the same group of participants across different conditions.
What is a within-subjects design?
I'm looking to examine the relationship between number of siblings a person has and extraversion scores on a questionnaire. Since I can't manipulate number of siblings a person has, this type of design would be best to use.
What is a correlational research design?
This type of order effect may be present when there is progressive improvement in performance.
What are practice effects?
This type of design has the advantage of saving money and avoiding attrition by measuring participants at one point in time.
What is a cross-sectional design?
When looking at the results of a study, the trends show that as age increases, depression levels decrease. This relationship reflects this direction of correlation.
What is a negative relationship?
This effect exists when the impact of one factor on the dependent variable depends on other factors in the study.
What is an interaction effect?
Cade wants to examine the impact of leadership on his employees' job satisfaction levels. First, he assesses the job satisfaction levels of two teams. Then, he implements an empathetic leadership intervention in one team and an aggressive leadership intervention in the other. After the intervention, the job satisfaction levels of the teams are measured again and compared. Cade is using this type of research design.
What is a quasi-experimental design?
This threat to validity refers to the tendency for extreme scores to move toward the mean over repeated measurement.
What is regression toward the mean?
This is the main weakness in cross-sectional designs.
What are cohort effects?
In a multi-factor design, participants are assigned to one of three groups: 1 - High dosage, 2 - Low dosage, 3 - No dosage. In this study, the group to which participants are assigned can also be defined as this. (AKA what is distinguishing the groups?)
What is a level of the independent variable?