Olfaction
Somatosensation
Basal Ganglia
Songbirds
Hippocampus
100
Olfactory receptor neurons turn over every ____ - ____ days.
30-60
100
What do "ipsi" and "contra" mean in latin? (as in ipsilateral and contralateral)
Ipsi = Same (meaning same side)
Contra = opposite (opposite side)
100
What are some sub-regions of the basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
100
What is reinforcement learning in very simple terms?
Strengthening or weakening an action by associating it with a positive or negative consequence (which the animal learns through trial and error)
100
What is the name of the patient who had both hippocampal lobes removed?
Patient HM (Henry Molaison)
200
True or false: there is spatial localisation of different ORNs.
TRUE (there is some)
200
Smooth skin is called ______, while hairy skin is called ______.
Glabrous, hairy
200
What is the brain region affected in parkinson's disease?
Substantia nigra (dopamine circuits)
200
What is the main technique that they use to experimentally drive song-learning in birds in this study?
Distorted auditory feedback (DAF)
200
Where are grid cells located?
(Medial) entorhinal cortex (which projects to hippocampus)
300
What is the pheromone that is present in the tears of mouse pups that inhibits sexual behavior?
ESPN
300
What is an example of sensory input from the viscera?
Examples: stomach ache, headache, etc.
300
There is a direct pathway (D1) and indirect pathway (D2) from the substantia nigra to the caudate/putamen. Which facilitates and which inhibits?
Direct: facilitates
Indirect: inhibits
300
What brain area encodes the "time-step"
HVC
300
Where are place cells found (and what do they do)?
Hippocampus! (CA1) and they fire when an animal is in a specific location
400
Which of the following is NOT a direct target of axons from mitral cells in the olfactory bulb?
(this was on the practice quiz)
a. anterior olfactory nucleus
b. accessory olfactory nucleus
c. the piriform cortex
d. the entorhinal cortex
A!
400
A doctor is testing if a patient has damage to their spinal cord. If they notice that the patient cannot feel touch on their LEFT side, which column is damaged?
LEFT (touch = dorsolateral column, ascends ipsilaterally)
(pain and temperature = anterolateral column, ascend contralaterally)
400
Is parkinson's caused by mutations in autosomal dominant or recessive genes?
Both!
Mutations in autosomal dominant genes (e.g. SNCA, LRRK2, VPS35) or autosomal recessive genes (e.g. PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1) can cause genetic Parkinson's disease.
400
Give an example of intrinsically-guided motor sequence learning.
Piano playing (but there are loads of other examples)
Context (time-step), action (pressing note), and outcome (sounding correct or incorrect) assist in learning
400
Engram theory posits that memories are stored in...
And that reactivating those cells one can...
The set of cells that are active during an experience... induce recall of that experience
500
What is this circuit motif called?
Discrete parallel processing circuit
500
What does RF stand for? (it's a network of brainstem nuclei and neurons that you learned about in the context of communicating motor behaviors between spinal circuits)
Reticular Formation
500
What brain regions besides motor cortex also send direct projections to the spinal cord?
Somatosensory cortex
Secondary motor cortex
500
What is the result of inactivating the LMAN (lateral portion of the magnocellular nucleus of the anterior nidopallium)?
Stereotyped birdsong with little variation
500
Are hippocampal cells homogenous or heterogeneous?
Heterogeneous