Circulatory Diversity
Describe cardiogenic pulmonary edema
When extra fluid exists so gas diffusion decreases, and this causes viscosity to increase
Which type of convective gas transport is used in the lungs?
Tidal flow: One way in and one way out
Describe Boyles law
It is a closed system. Pressure is inversely related to volume (Higher volume = lower pressure)
What factors determine if the hemoglobin is in the R-state or T-state?
The partial pressure of oxygen/environment and the abundance of molecules
What is proton abundance measured by?
pH levels
As the deoxygenated blood in a fish leaves the heart, enters the ventral aorta and gills it encounters gas exchange that changes the composition into oxygenated blood. It travels into the systemic side and circulates through the gut, liver and kidneys. While traveling and experiencing gas exchange, what is the composition of the blood when it re-enters the heart?
Deoxygenated
The partial pressure of the water is 0.45 atm with a concentration of 0.1 mmol/L. The partial pressure of a bubble is 0.45 atm with a concentration of 0.86 mmol/L. Which was will oxygen flow?
There will be no net movement of oxygen
Fish ventilation is a counter current exchange. When a fish opens its mouth what happens?
Water enters the mouth and buccal cavity. The water is pushed over the gills by decreasing the volume of the buccal cavity.
How do you determine the P50?
Once the saturation reaches 50% you look at the graph to see the amount of partial pressure required
When exercising what happens to the oxygen and heat production?
Heat is generated and less oxygen is being released because it is mainly being consumed
What circulatory system do the following characteristics explain? An open system that is low flow and flow pressure. The fluid does not stay in the blood, it travels to surrounding tissues. The hemolymph is the circulatory fluid. Oxygen is distributed separately.
Insects
If one set of solutions is 1 millimeter away and the next set of solutions is 1 centimeter away from another, which will diffuse faster?
1 millimeter because it is shorter distance
How does ventilation of amphibians change throughout their life course?
In the early stages they rely on their gills. As they develop and grow the gills are resorbed and the amphibian relies on their lungs.
The bohr effect increases the tendency of hemoglobin to release oxygen. What factors are included in the bohr effect?
An increase of CO2 and a decrease in pH
What does the hypoxia-response pathway turn on?
Hemoglobin genes that had high O2 affinity
Crocodiles have different flow systems based on whether they are steadily breathing or holding their breath. When the lung resistance rises, and the valves close what happens to the pressure?
The pressure of the right ventricle rises and ejects blood into the systemic aorta
What is the order of the oxygen cascade and their distance traveled?
1. Convection (0.5m)
2. Diffusion (0.0001m)
3. Convection (0.6m)
4. Diffusion (0.00002m)
What is the goal of cutaneous respiration?
Maximize gas exchange with minimal water loss
What does the shape of the myoglobin oxygen dissociation curve show?
There is no cooperativity, and the myoglobin only holds one molecule of oxygen
Describe the Haldane effect?
When O2 decreases the carrying capacity of CO2 and it unloads in the blood
The plasticity of the myocardium determines the length of migration a species can travel. If a species has traveled far from its origin, what characteristics do they have?
They have a larger heart
More compact myocardium
They require more oxygen to be delivered to their heart
What factors is solubility dependent on?
Temperature, Salinity and Gas identity
Breathing in humans starts with an inhale while the lungs expand, and the pressure goes below atmosphere. The air restores pressure to the atmosphere and an exhale follows. During an exhale the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs constrict, and the pressure increases to drive the air out. Is this process a positive or negative pressure system?
Negative
When one site binds in the R-state what is likely to happen to the other sites?
Once one site binds the next sites are promoted to bind
In the pulmonary capillary what enters from the alveolar space?
O2 enters from the alveolar space and CO2 leaves