Chapter 8
What are the types of energy? Describe them and give an example.
what is
Kinetic energy is energy of motion
• Ex) thermal energy: energy of
molecules moving
• Potential energy is energy that is
stored in position or configuration
• Ex) chemical energy: energy stored
in chemical bonds
This term describes the ability of an organism to maintain internal stability despite external environmental changes
What is homeostasis?
This process converts electromagnetic energy into chemical energy.
What is photosynthesis?
In animals, this flexible extracellular layer is made mostly of collagen.
What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
This step occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and results in the production of acetyl CoA. (Chapter 9)
What is pyruvate processing?
What is Endothermic energy? What type of enthalpy do the products have, and is it higher or lower energy than the reactants? What are some examples?
What is
• Heat energy is taken up
• Positive enthalpy
• Products have higher
potential energy than
reactants
• E.g., cooking an egg,
melting ice
This first step of cellular respiration occurs in the cytosol and breaks glucose into pyruvate.
What is glycolysis?
The space inside a thylakoid is known as this.
What is the lumen?
These information-carrying molecules are secreted into bodily fluids and act on distant target cells.
What are hormones?
What are autotrophs and heterotrophs?
• Organisms that use
photosynthesis are autotrophs
(“self-feeders”)
• Non-photosynthetic organisms
are heterotrophs (“different-
feeders”)
When an enzyme's active site is blocked by another molecule, this type of inhibition occurs.
What is competitive inhibition?
This cycle completes the oxidation of glucose by producing ATP, NADH, and FADH₂.
What is the citric acid cycle?
The two main products of the light-dependent reactions.
What are ATP and NADPH?
Often compared to buttons, these proteins link the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells to resist pulling forces.
What are desmosomes?
The First Law of Thermodynamics states this about energy in a system. (Chapter 8)
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed
The specific location on an enzyme where substrates bind.
What is the active site?
Yeast use this fermentation process to produce ethanol and CO₂.
What is alcohol fermentation?
Plants have pores called
_____ that allow gas
exchange
What is the stomata?
These structures form channels between adjacent plant cells, allowing cytoplasm to connect.
What are plasmodesmata?
What are the 3 steps of the Calvin cycle?
What is
1. Fixation
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration
Explain the metabolic pathways.
What is
Anabolic: Small molecules are assembled into large ones. Energy is required.
Catabolic: Large molecules are broken down into small ones. Energy is released.
This metabolic pathway regenerates NAD⁺ when the electron transport chain is unavailable.
What is fermentation?
What are the two major classes of pigment in plants?
What is
1. Chlorophylls (chlorophyll a
and chlorophyll b):
• Absorb red and blue light
• Reflect and transmit green
light
2. Carotenoids:
• Absorb blue and green light
• Reflect and transmit yellow,
orange and red light
This term refers to the process of converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal.
What is signal transduction?
These structures stitch adjacent animal cells together with a watertight seal.
What are tight junctions?